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Thursday, February 26, 2009

[ALOCHONA] Saudi Arabian scholar Warns: Alcohol in Bio-fuels is sinful

No its not un-necessary to post, how stupid are Wahabi Mollaas
because they are spending tons of money to convert Moslims to their
kind of Islam. We must learn everything about them so, we can ban
Saudi Funding of Religious Schools in our country.

--- In alochona@yahoogroups.com, Cyrus <thoughtocrat@...> wrote:
>
> Mr. Haque, thanks for your posting. Do you mind telling me what
makes you think that I am not a "believer"? I am assuming that
by "believer", you are referring to being a Muslim. I could be wrong
and you probably meant something else.
>
> You are correct in saying that this is just an opinion. But in a
land of anarchy where the only opinions that matter are the opinions
of the monarchy and the religious council, any "opinion" is a
dictation to many people in the world, especially to those who look
to Saudi Arabia for guidance and direction.
>
> Frankly, I think the whole posting is unnecessary. We are not
Saudis and what the Saudi scholars say has no relevance to our
problems.
>
> Cyrus
>
>
>
> ________________________________
> From: Mohd. Haque <haquetm83@...>
> To: alochona@yahoogroups.com
> Sent: Tuesday, February 24, 2009 12:00:15 PM
> Subject: Re: [ALOCHONA] Saudi Arabian scholar Warns: Alcohol in Bio-
fuels is sinful
>
>
>
>
> Being a Muslim I have taken what the so called Saudi scholar said
as an opinion, I wouldn't take it as fatwa (Islamic ruling) though as
mentioned he is from the fiqh academy. Even if he had claimed it as
fatwa, yet it wouldn't bother me much. When it is a human judgment it
should have its limitation and you weigh his opinion according to
your own understanding on the matter.
> The Holy Quran prescribe Freedom of Speech, he has said what he
think he should say, take it or leave it. Perhaps your disparagement
here is unnecessary. Since you are not a believer it shouldn't have
bothered you in the first place.
>  
> It bothered you or the scorn derived from, very likely, something
else. Wish you only good.
>
> Haque
>
> --- On Tue, 24/2/09, Cyrus <thoughtocrat@ yahoo.com> wrote:
>
> From: Cyrus <thoughtocrat@ yahoo.com>
> Subject: Re: [ALOCHONA] Saudi Arabian scholar Warns: Alcohol in Bio-
fuels is sinful
> To: alochona@yahoogroup s.com
> Date: Tuesday, 24 February, 2009, 11:05 AM
>
>
> Next time one of these morons is sick, and goes to the hospital for
treatment, I want him to refuse anything alcohol based for anesthesia
or sterilization. I want the doctors to operate on him without any
narcotic or painkillers to reduce pain, as they are also "haram" in
Quran because they can impair your judgment. Only then he would
understand that their meaningless propaganda of the last millennium
is irrelevant. Funny thing is, no one mentions that Hazrat Omar was
actually an alcoholic (as well as a megalomaniac) , and that the
Semitic tribes during Prophet Mohammed's time traded wine, as well as
served them at family gatherings and parties. Oh, I am sorry....you
didn't know that Prophet Mohammed was also a "Semite"? And you
thought that only the Jews are the Semites?
>
> Religion is the enemy of science. And if I have to choose between
faith, religion, and the teachings of some puritanical mollahs and
science, I pick science.
> C
>
>
>
> ________________________________
> From: K. Raisuddin <Kraisuddin@hotmail. com>
> To: alochona@yahoogroup s.com
> Sent: Monday, February 23, 2009 8:55:58 PM
> Subject: RE: [ALOCHONA] Saudi Arabian scholar Warns: Alcohol in Bio-
fuels is sinful
>
>
> It would have been more appropriate if the citing was about the
destruction of human food to produce biofuels in order to feed the
vehicles. Where as the world is facing the acute shortage of human
foods in many parts of the world, the obligation of the rich
countries would have been to preserve more and more human foods, and
even if they sell instead of donating, millions of human lives would
have been saved. Cellulose biofuel production is alright because in
that process human foods are not used; but producing biofuel using
human food is extremely unethical.
>
> ________________________________
> From: rkhundkar@earthlink .net
> Date: Sun, 22 Feb 2009 18:31:55 -0500
> Subject: [ALOCHONA] Saudi Arabian scholar Warns: Alcohol in Bio-
fuels is sinful
>
>
>  
>
> Saudi Muslim cleric warns that biofuels could be sinful
> By Eoin O'Carroll | 02.20.09
> http://features. csmonitor. com/environment/ 2009/02/20/ saudi-
muslim- cleric-warns- that-biofuels- could-be- sinful/A prominent
Muslim scholar in Saudi Arabia has warned that those using alcohol-
based biofuels in their cars could be committing a sin.
> The warning was issued by Sheikh Mohamed Al-Najimi, a member of the
Islamic Fiqh Academy, an institute that studies Islamic jurisprudence
for the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, an international
group with a permanent delegation to the United Nations. According to
the Al Arabiya News Channel, an international news outlet is based in
Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Mr. Najim directed his warning to Saudi
youths studying abroad.
> Al Arabiya notes that Najimi stressed that this warning was not an
official fatwa, or religious edict, just his personal opinion. Najimi
added that the issue "needs to be studied by the relevant religious
bodies."
> Ethanol, a common type of biofuel, is made of the same type of
alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and its production is similar
to that of hard liquor. Plant matter is fermented using yeast, and
the result is distilled to increase the concentration of alcohol.
> Fuels with high concentrations of ethanol – the most common being
E85, a gasoline blend with 85 percent ethanol – can be used in flex-
fuel vehicles, which make up more than seven million of the roughly
250 million passenger cars and trucks on America's roads. Most
gasoline sold in the United States contains about 10 percent ethanol.
The fuel is more common in many Latin American countries,
particularly Brazil.
> In addition to beverages and biofuels, ethanol is a widely used in
industry for its properties as a solvent and an antiseptic. It's a
common component of perfumes and paints. The chemical is also
necessary in the production of vinegar – one of the Prophet
Muhammad's favorite seasonings.
> The Koran prohibits consumption of alcohol in three separate verses
that were written over a period of several years. The first mention
occurs in 4:43, in which Muslims are told that they must not pray
while intoxicated. A verse written later – 2:219 – says that in wine
and gambling "is great sin, and some profit, for men; but the sin is
greater than the profit." Finally, in 5:90-91, intoxicants and
gambling are called "an abomination" and "Satan's handiwork":
>
> Satan's plan is (but) to excite enmity and hatred between you, with
intoxicants and gambling, and hinder you from the remembrance of
Allah, and from prayer: will ye not then abstain?
> This admonition is waived in the hereafter, apparently: Many
passages in the Islamic holy book describe heaven as having rivers of
wine.
> Ironically, it was Muslim chemists who introduced distillation to
the West. The process of distilling pure ethanol from wine was
perfected by 8th- and 9th-century Persian chemists, who used it to
create perfumes and eyeliner. Their writings were translated by
European scholars in the 12th century, and the process was used to
make potable spirits. The word "alcohol" is itself of Arabic origin.
>
>
> ________________________________
> check out the rest of the Windows Live™. More than mail–Windows
Live™ goes way beyond your inbox. More than messages
>
>
> ________________________________
> Get your preferred Email name!
> Now you can @ymail.com and @rocketmail. com.
>


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[ALOCHONA] Saudi Arabian scholar Warns: Alcohol in Bio-fuels is sinful

I keep wondering, why have not they declared Electricity 'Hraam' in
Islam and are not telling to go back to SunnaT of lighting-up
Kerosene Lamps like the Holy Prophet did?

--- In alochona@yahoogroups.com, "Shamim Chowdhury" <veirsmill@...>
wrote:
>
>
> This is just ridiculous logic, human consumption of alcohol is
> prohibited in Islam not because it is alcohol but its terrible
effect on
> human lives. These so-called Mullahs always talk on something that
they
> have no knowledge off and buy awful image for Islam as backward
looking
> religion while Islam ought to be just the opposite.
>
>
>
> K. Raisuddin is absolutely, it would be appropriate if the clergy
> sighted this as a destruction and disruption of human food, which
will
> cause human misery.
>
>
>
> Sincerely
>
> Shamim Chowdhury
>
> Maryland, USA
>
> --- In alochona@yahoogroups.com, "K. Raisuddin" <Kraisuddin@> wrote:
> >
> >
> > It would have been more appropriate if the citing was about the
> destruction of human food to produce biofuels in order to feed the
> vehicles. Where as the world is facing the acute shortage of human
foods
> in many parts of the world, the obligation of the rich countries
would
> have been to preserve more and more human foods, and even if they
sell
> instead of donating, millions of human lives would have been saved.
> Cellulose biofuel production is alright because in that process
human
> foods are not used; but producing biofuel using human food is
extremely
> unethical.
> >
> > From: rkhundkar@
> > Date: Sun, 22 Feb 2009 18:31:55 -0500
> > Subject: [ALOCHONA] Saudi Arabian scholar Warns: Alcohol in Bio-
fuels
> is sinful
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > Saudi Muslim cleric warns that biofuels could be sinful
> > By Eoin O'Carroll | 02.20.09
> >
> http://features.csmonitor.com/environment/2009/02/20/saudi-muslim-
cleric\
> -warns-that-biofuels-could-be-sinful/
> >
> > A prominent Muslim scholar in Saudi Arabia has warned that those
using
> alcohol-based biofuels in their cars could be committing a sin.
> >
> > The warning was issued by Sheikh Mohamed Al-Najimi, a member of
the
> Islamic Fiqh Academy, an institute that studies Islamic
jurisprudence
> for the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, an international
group
> with a permanent delegation to the United Nations. According to the
Al
> Arabiya News Channel, an international news outlet is based in
Dubai,
> United Arab Emirates, Mr. Najim directed his warning to Saudi youths
> studying abroad.
> >
> > Al Arabiya notes that Najimi stressed that this warning was not an
> official fatwa, or religious edict, just his personal opinion.
Najimi
> added that the issue "needs to be studied by the relevant religious
> bodies."
> >
> > Ethanol, a common type of biofuel, is made of the same type of
alcohol
> found in alcoholic beverages, and its production is similar to that
of
> hard liquor. Plant matter is fermented using yeast, and the result
is
> distilled to increase the concentration of alcohol.
> >
> > Fuels with high concentrations of ethanol – the most common being
> E85, a gasoline blend with 85 percent ethanol – can be used in
> flex-fuel vehicles, which make up more than seven million of the
roughly
> 250 million passenger cars and trucks on America's roads. Most
> gasoline sold in the United States contains about 10 percent
ethanol.
> The fuel is more common in many Latin American countries,
particularly
> Brazil.
> >
> > In addition to beverages and biofuels, ethanol is a widely used in
> industry for its properties as a solvent and an antiseptic. It's a
> common component of perfumes and paints. The chemical is also
necessary
> in the production of vinegar – one of the Prophet Muhammad's
> favorite seasonings.
> >
> > The Koran prohibits consumption of alcohol in three separate
verses
> that were written over a period of several years. The first mention
> occurs in 4:43, in which Muslims are told that they must not pray
while
> intoxicated. A verse written later – 2:219 – says that in wine
> and gambling "is great sin, and some profit, for men; but the sin is
> greater than the profit." Finally, in 5:90-91, intoxicants and
> gambling are called "an abomination" and "Satan's
> handiwork":
> >
> >
> > Satan's plan is (but) to excite enmity and hatred between you,
> with intoxicants and gambling, and hinder you from the remembrance
of
> Allah, and from prayer: will ye not then abstain?
> >
> > This admonition is waived in the hereafter, apparently: Many
passages
> in the Islamic holy book describe heaven as having rivers of wine.
> >
> > Ironically, it was Muslim chemists who introduced distillation to
the
> West. The process of distilling pure ethanol from wine was
perfected by
> 8th- and 9th-century Persian chemists, who used it to create
perfumes
> and eyeliner. Their writings were translated by European scholars
in the
> 12th century, and the process was used to make potable spirits. The
word
> "alcohol" is itself of Arabic origin.
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > _________________________________________________________________
> > More than messages–check out the rest of the Windows Live™.
> > http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowslive/
> >
>


------------------------------------

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[ALOCHONA] Re: [khabor.com] BDR Revolt & DGFI/NS

Military officials go to the BDR on 2/3 years deputation. BDR doesn't have its own officers, and not all the officials that get sent to BDR are honest. It is a known fact that the dishonest BDR personnel hate the honest officers as it stops them from making extra income through the bribery at the border areas.
One of the demands of the BDR is to have its own officers instead of officers from the army. Not many qualified individuals will be willing to join BDR and having its own permanent officers can create problem in the long run.


--- On Thu, 2/26/09, Waheed Asghar <asghar.w@gmail.com> wrote:
From: Waheed Asghar <asghar.w@gmail.com>
Subject: Re: [khabor.com] BDR Revolt & DGFI/NS
To: khabor@yahoogroups.com
Date: Thursday, February 26, 2009, 12:39 PM

Dr. Momen
Your article has pointed weaknesses in several  areas,I feel
you have avoided some other root causes.
 
Since independence we have embraced notion of independence
without accepting associated responsibilities. This has been amply
demonstrated in our actions at all levels of society & more so by those
who were supposed to be role models.This is evident & I  will not deal further.
 
We have already seen several army takeovers,of course not legal.
We have seen revolt of jawans & killing of officers,just like this one.
We have Ansara revolt in 1995-6,similar to this one.
We have revolt of public servants,JONOTAR MONCHO.
We are contineously seeing revolt,takeover, jimmi,& SANTRASH,by students
& student bodies all over the country.
We regularly witness the garment workers(some quite genuine) taking over factories
streets & mahallas for some time regularly.Enough examples.
 
Shall we pause to wonder,worry for a while.Why?
Leave all reasons,starting point is respect of law.We cannot expect a
free,fair just & law abiding society over night.The starting point must be
with the leaders.NO ONE SHOULD BE above law.Start respecting the
law enforcers,they  have made many mistakes,may have abused power
but we have no alternative. Do you see it in US?Are they all good?But still they
are not so easily degraded.Start towards a more equitable society.When you 
see the abundance & display of ugly wealth of few CHORS & TV & media promoting
such exesses in Natoks & all ,who will want to join the quick route to such obscene
`crowd?We need to take a deep breath.
Have we witnessed a complete failure of leadership during this crisis?No offcial response
no news bulletin,no official appeal over TV by President,concerned Ministers,Info. minister?.
What will happen at time of more majot event,earthquake, or anything more catastrophic?
Waheed A
 
On Thu, Feb 26, 2009 at 12:30 AM, abdul momen <abdul_momen@ hotmail.com> wrote:
 

The BDR Revolt and Role of Bangladesh Intelligence Agencies

Dr. Abdul Momen

 

Today's revolt in the BDR HQ in Dhaka is an eye-opener.  Due to revolt, reportedly 50 lives were lost. Many civilian also died owing to stray bullets. Whatever the causes of the revolt, it is a fact that there has been a serious lapse of intelligence failure and secondly the death of civilians, closure of schools and postponement of exam demands a serious debate on the merits of keeping headquarters of security forces or cantonments inside crowded localities of the nation's capital.

In USA, the forefathers of its independence nearly 230 years ago decided not to allow heavy weapons within the borders of capital i. e. Washington D. C or the District of Columbia.   However, it allowed individual citizen to bear arms for their self protection.   In the case of Bangladesh given its history of coups and counter coups, it may be necessary to forbid heavy weapons within 50 miles radius of the capital city of Dhaka.  The recent BDR revolt and especially killing of innocent civilians and bystanders once again reminded the Bangladeshi nationals to seriously discuss this issue of relocating both the Dhaka cantonment and the BDR HQ away from the city limit.  

If the BDR Headquarters would have been outside Dhaka away from Pilkhana, an overcrowded area of civilian population surrounded by schools and shops, such casualties could be minimized.  Therefore, it may be recommended to relocate BDR HQ away from capital city.

Similarly, there is hardly any rationale to have Army Cantonment within the capital city.  This may be relocated 50 miles away from the capital city to a remote locality.   In that case, prime and expensive lands will be made available for growth and expansion of Dhaka city.   Moreover, fear and tension of revolt within the cantonment causing disruption of normal life would be lessened.

In Dhaka, civilian vehicles are not allowed to go through the cantonment area and such is an additional cause for bumper-to-bumper hour-long traffic jams on the VIP road.  If the Cantonment is relocated away from its current location, such horrendous traffic congestion could be lessened.  Bangladesh Army is a part of Bangladesh society and it desires to improve quality of life of its countrymen.  In spite of this, it is unfortunate that they have not opened up their roads to the general public yet on their own initiative.  Since army fails to open them up on its own, it may be necessary to relocate Dhaka cantonment for the good of the nation.

The BDR Revolt that occurred following Prime Minister's trip to the BDR HQ is mind boggling. If this would happened during Prime Minister's visit, it could have created a national crisis.  Naturally, serious questions could be raised as regards the efficiency of the Bangladesh intelligence agencies.  According to many, the focus of the Bangladesh Intelligence Agencies both the DGFI and the NSI have been basically pivots around finding and codifying information regarding civilian opinion leaders and political leadership.  The rationale for secretly recording phone, fax and mobile calls of politicians, journalists, opinion leaders and talk-show participants in Bangladesh in addition to lawyers and businessmen has been designed with a view to collect information about civilian activities.  Even their everyday activities and mobility are being watched in the name of nation's interest.  Unfortunately, such appears to be uncommon in the area of security forces.  No wonder, Bangladesh Intelligence Agencies miserably failed in protecting its founder President Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman or founder of the BNP party, General Ziaur Rahman.  It even failed to provide intelligence information regarding the terrorist bombing attack of a public rally of Sheikh Hasina on August 21, 2004 in which 23 people were killed including the wife of current President of Bangladesh, Zillur Rahman and nearly 370 were wounded or maimed for life.  It failed to provide intelligence information regarding grenade attacks on the former Finance Minister ASM Kibria or on British High Commissioner Anwar Chowdhury.   It also failed to furnish intelligence information regarding jehadi bombings in 493 towns and cities of Bangladesh simultaneously. 

 In fact, the performance record of Bangladesh Intelligence Agencies till to-date is very poor. It gets an F grade.   The recent BDR revolt is a case in point. 

Bangladesh Intelligence Agencies are mostly headed by military personnel unlike industrialized countries.  Most of the heads of the DGFI and the NSI in Bangladesh have been active duty military officials.  In contrast, most of the heads of U. S. and the British Intelligence Agencies, for example, FBI, CIA, or MI5 (British) are non-military personnel.  

The current FBI Director is Robert Mueller. He has been a lawyer.  The current CIA Chief is Leon Panetta, a former congressman and a head of a Public Policy Institute at the California University.  He was formerly Chief of Staff of President Clinton. 

If we investigate the personal history of the heads of FBI for the last quarter century, one will be surprised that most of the intelligence heads were lawyers or judges.  For example, there has been a total of 7 FBI Directors from February 23, 1978 till to-date of which three were Acting Directors.  All four Directors were lawyers/judges, and among the Acting Directors, two were career intelligence officers and one was an accountant.  William Webster (1978-87), William Sessions (1987-93), Louis Freeh (1993-2001) and Robert Mueller (2001-current) were Directors and all of them were lawyers/judges.  The Acting ones; John Otto (26/5/87-2/11/ 87) and Floyd Clarke (19/7/93-1/9/ 93) were special FBI agents, and Thomas Pickard (25/6/01-4/9/ 01) was a CPA.  

Given the limitations, the performance record of FBI and the CIA that are mostly run by civilian authority is much superior to that our DGFI or the NSI which are mostly headed by active-duty military officials. 

Take the case of the British Intelligence Agencies.  The British Military Intelligence Section 5 known as MI-5 or its agencies like SIS, MI-6, QCHQ or DIS are again mostly headed by civilian officials unlike Bangladesh.  For example, the current head of MI5 is Mr. Jonathan Evans, a career intelligence officer.  Prior to him Baroness Manningham-Buller (2002-07), a former school teacher headed it for 5 years. During 2000-02, Sir Stephen Lander, a PhD in History was its head. Prior to him, Dame Stella Rimington (1992-96), a diplomat's wife headed the British intelligence organization. It may surprise Bangladeshi military leaders that a well known football player, Sir Patrick Walker headed MI-5 from 1988 through 1991.

There is no denying that the Intelligence Agencies of USA and UK are superior to that of Bangladesh.  Admittedly they have more resources and superior information technology vis-à-vis Bangladesh. However, they have also more restrictions as they have to work within many legal limitations and restrictions unlike Bangladesh. Instead of this, their performance record is superior. 

This raises a valid question.  Should we stop appointing active-duty military personnel in the intelligence agencies that mainly focus their attention on political or civil leaderships?  Instead should we follow that of the USA and UK for the greater interest of the country? 

It is a fact that in Bangladesh, two of its Presidents were assassinated not by their political supporters or by any public citizen. They were assassinated by members of active-duty security forces.  It is unfortunate, and it looks odd when in the name of security, a head of the government for example, Sheikh Hasina is kept at a distance from public thus denying her from mingling with her electorates in Bangladesh.  This was true in the case of Khaleda Zia as well.  In addition, it looks odd when security personnel stand next to the head of the government in all public events. This custom must be done away with to improve nation's image both home and abroad.  Remember, such practice is not common in civilized countries like USA, UK, France, Italy, Switzerland, Finland and the like. Remember, their heads of governments in no way, less exposed to security risk.  The custom in USA is that once a person is allowed to enter the premises through checking, he/she is allowed to meet the President freely.  The security forces stay at a distance unlike Bangladesh.  The way the Bangladeshi security forces behave is deplorable. They literally keep the Prime Minister away from the public. It is a disgrace in the name of security.  When the Prime Minister is surrounded by security officers overlooking her shoulder, it lowers our image in the free world.  Such basically shows that the political leadership of Bangladesh is still under military subjugation or control in spite of a free, fair, transparent and credible election.  Under such aggressive security guardianship, it can neither improve its image nor can attract increasing FDI. 

 

·         Abdul Momen is a professor of economics and business in Boston, USA 


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[ALOCHONA] UN peacekeeping force facing extinction

UN peacekeeping force facing extinction
 
Fazle Rashid in New York
 
The United Nations peacekeeping force is facing the uncomfortable prospect of total extinction owing to the twin problems of working under hostile condition and a severe cash crunch.

   The UN is currently managing 18 peace missions worldwide deploying 112,000 uniformed personnel at the cost of almost $8 billion a year. Bangladesh ranks second among countries providing manpower to the peacekeeping contingents.
   Pakistan is the biggest provider, India occupies the third slot. United Nations military operations might have reached their limits with two largest peacekeeping operations stretched to the breaking point, the Financial Times reported.

   UNSC under attack
   The Security Council (SC) has come under blistering attack for authorising big new peacekeeping missions round the world in spite of the warnings that demands on troops are overtaking their ability to deliver.

   The system has been described by a diplomat as ?breaking at the seams?. The UN peacekeepers found themselves in dangerous and violent situation that stretched their ability to function to the breaking point.

   There are two types of peacekeeping missions. Developed world peacekeepers are deployed principally in non-UN missions in Afghanistan, Iraq and Balkans. Developed countries are reluctant to commit their own forces in an era of financial stringency; it is unlikely that funding states would agree to increase the current global expenditure on UN peacekeeping.
   
   Poland pulling out
   Poland has already announced that it is pulling out of UN peace missions because of spending cuts due to economic meltdown.

   Meanwhile more than 70 US military advisers and technical specialists are secretly working in Pakistan to help its armed forces battle al-Qaeda and Taliban in the country?s tribal areas, the New York Times reported. Americans are training Pakistan Army personnel, paramilitary troops and providing them with intelligence and advising on combat tactics.



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[ALOCHONA] Comments on BDR mutiny

Comments on BDR mutiny


Zia Rahman
Although very painful and unfortunate, these types of events are not very uncommon for an underdeveloped country like Bangladesh where poverty, paternalism or informal allegiance and unequal power relations are rampant and the ultimate outcome is social inequality or disparity. Hence, at the very outset disparity and social inequality seem to be the main cause of such an event. Three major aspects have been identified to comment and these are:


(1) The ruling elites including military, the state machinery and even the civil society rarely contemplate the question of social inequality very seriously; they never want to understand the impact and consequences of such social inequality which is increasing in all the segments and groups in our country by leaps and bounds. Sociologically, this is a very common outcome where corruption and nepotism along with unequal power relations play an important role in making money, wealth and resources using authoritarian and feudal ethos. Although this is a very crucial issue, except very few civil society members, the society has yet to be aware of.

 

This is such a crucial issue that most capitalist states even have conceded and thus introduced a plethora of ancillary methods such as employment insurance, medial insurance, and other social benefits minimizing the gap between rich and poor. The whole night I watched the television news in various channels and I, as a student of social movements, have tried to understand the dynamics and severity of the event. No doubts the grievances have been developed for long, and it is very surprising that the officers of the B.D.R. and the intelligence could not even figure out such grievances. Nonetheless, it is a huge loss for a country like Bangladesh.


(2) Apparently, the rebel soldiers seemed very confident and smart and they raised many critical issues which have been growing for a long time; I was even surprised hearing a soldier quoting Professor Muzaffar Ahmed regarding the corruptions of some army officers during the 1/11 regime. In a modern society, inner issues related to such problems are analyzed, raised and discussed in everyday life either by a journalist or by an academic or a television host belonging to the educated middle class. But the irony is that these types of practices are totally nil in our society even though some academics sometimes try to convey their opinions in a frightened and timid way. In a western society, these types of anger are also there, but the important thing is that there are many think tanks, organizations and researchers commenting on everyday issues, and the public agencies always incorporate those valuable opinions and suggestions in formulating social policies. In Bangladesh, civil society is still gelatinous and the coercive power of state apparatuses interrupts the honest, courageous, thoughtful and real opinions and observations raised by the academics, experts and scholars.


(3) Definitely, a sagacious citizen never wants to see such a painful event, both illegal and unacceptable. But this is the reality in our country and the old proverb works out here now---history repeats itself. The issues which should have been addressed by the policy makers, intellects and academics have now been addressed by the lower strata officials belonging to the same military organization, though at the cost of human blood! There are many burning issues in military, diffusing everyday social inequality, should be addressed and focused on.


Last year when I saw that a public university was established for the military in the cantonment area, I was really surprised. The military high commands never think about the consequences. The military have their own medical college; engineering college and now they have their own university! I am not sure whether the military high commands have ever thought about the long term effects; in the short run the military might gain but in the long term they will definitely lose. There are lots of issues in the academic minds and time has come to analyze those in a neutral and thoughtful manner.

 

 Do the military have ever thought about the long term consequences of the policy of the Defense Officers Housing Society (DOHS) or the Trust Bank? Why do the military establish assets and establishments like Darbar Hall, Sena Kunja or Rifle Square? These have symbolic effects on the powerless and the masses. The military high commands, without knowing the long term effects and consequences, have been alienating themselves from rest of the society although we all are Bangladeshi and the segmentary development is not our desire---indeed a parochial and an obsolete idea in the era of globalization. Interestingly some rebel soldiers have raised some very rudimentary but crucial issues that could have been raised by either a Professor like Muntasir Mamoon or a journalist like Mr. Nurul Kabir of the New Age. But I am sure the military high commands would have taken such ideas negatively had scholars raised such issues. The military high commands should incorporate as many opinions and ideas as they possibly can. I know the Bangladesh military has many intelligent and promising officers who think about the progressive and prosperous Bangladesh.


From the administrative/intelligence point of view this is a complete failure for the state agencies involved in security and intelligence. The prime minister has just visited the BDR, and the mutiny could have happened the day the prime minister visited BDR but we do not want to think about such tragic events. The policy makers and the administrators should be more serious about the future security questions of Bangladesh. And they should keep in mind that it was a complete failure as far as security is concerned


It is positive that a democratic government is there having a huge verdict from the people in Bangladesh. As a political sociologist I know that dialogue, justice and peaceful solutions are the only desire of the general citizens in Bangladesh. I am sympathetic towards the family members of the BDR officers and the innocent civilians. We know that the mutiny, rebellion or insurrection is all negative terms in the legal books, and the authority and the officials will definitely do their own jobs accordingly. But my sincere desire from the ruling elites and the policy makers is that the authority should be transparent and they will inform the inner causes of the mutiny and the real conditions of the BDR to the public.

 

The parliament is alive and the parliament members should actively participate in the debates. Moreover, a parliamentary enquiry committee can be formed who can review the situations of military in Bangladesh on the whole incorporating military experts, academics and scholars. This might provide the resources and solutions for future problems related to such an unfortunate and unbearable BDR mutiny.

(Zia Rahman Associate Professor in Sociology(on-leave), University of Dhaka; Ph.D. Candidate and Instructor, Dept. of Sociology, University
of Calgary, Alberta)

 

http://www.thebangladeshtoday.com/analysis.htm#anlysis-01




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[ALOCHONA] India offers to send peace mission (OVER OUR DEAD BODIES!)

Indian peace mission signal

SUJAN DUTTA

New Delhi, Feb. 26: India is offering to send a peace mission beyond
borders to give security to the Calcutta-Dhaka-Calcutta Moitree
Express on an explicit request from Dhaka in the wake of the mutiny by
soldiers of the Bangladesh Rifles, highly placed sources in New Delhi
have told The Telegraph.

As of today, the Moitree Express that runs between Calcutta and Dhaka
is suspended — it runs between the two capitals on Saturdays and
Sundays — because of the BDR uprising. Indian and Bangladeshi armies
are currently engaged in a first joint training mission in Jalpaiguri
for two weeks since February 22.

Yesterday, as two Indian goods trains that make a daily run to
Darshana in Bangladesh to transport essential commodities were to
enter Bangladesh, there was no one available at the BDR outposts
beyond the border pillar to open the massive iron gates that would
allow the trains into Bangladesh. The commanding officers of the BDR —
actually army officers — had to clang open the gates themselves.

Since Sri Lanka, such a venture to Bangladesh would be the first
international bilateral peace mission by India. The Indian
Peacekeeping Force of the army to Sri Lanka got embroiled in a tragic
war and was aborted at enormous cost to life and limb.

In this instance, India is considering paramilitary forces such as the
Central Reserve Police Force, the Railway Protection Force or, if
Dhaka agrees, even the Border Security Force, with the exclusive
mandate of escorting the trains, protecting passengers and preventing
damage to engines and rakes of the goods trains.

The train from Calcutta crosses the border after Gede in Bengal,
passes through a metal carriageway, at the entrance for which the
gates are opened by the Border Security Force on the Indian side,
rolls over the tracks on no-man's land, still through the metal cage
at the end of which huge gates are opened by personnel of the
Bangladesh Rifles for the train to enter into Bangladesh.

At this point, the security of the train is handed over from India's
Railway Protection Force to its Bangladeshi counterpart and for the
border security to the Bangladesh Rifles.

In the proposal that is now being considered -- because the Bangladesh
Army does not trust the Bangladesh Rifles and the Bangladesh Rifles
has no confidence in its officers of the Bangladesh Army -- an Indian
agency is offering to take over the responsibility.

For the UPA government in New Delhi and Sheikh Hasina's government in
Dhaka, it is a grand statement that local disputes will not be allowed
to take bilateral and cultural linkages hostage. Pranab Mukherjee and
Sheikh Hasina, personal acquaintances themselves, are understood to be
considering the move seriously.

They have concluded it is not worth shutting down the train that has
meant so much when it was opened on Poila Boishakh last April.

It also is an eloquent illustration of Manmohan Singh's message to
neighbours that India is willing to give friendly countries a stake in
its development. The train is popular with Bangladeshis many of whom
visit India for medical care.

Last year, there was a move from a hawkish section of the
establishment in New Delhi to stop the train altogether when police
alleged the hand of elements of the Harkat ul Jehad Ul Islam, based in
Bangladesh, in blasts in Hyderabad. But a determined officer in Dhaka
and the ambassador there put up a strong defence of continuing with
the service.

Of the 538 km between Calcutta and Dhaka, 418 km is in Bangladesh and
120 km is in Bengal (India) but the symbolism it covers is greater
than the distance.

http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090227/jsp/frontpage/story_10599074.jsp

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[mukto-mona] Important Election Issue : Black Money in Swiss Banks

Important Election Issue : during forth coming Lok Sabha Election: Black Money in Swiss Banking System.

In response to my efforts, against Indian Balck Money, deposited in Swiss Banking System, since July, 2005 (on record), I have not received any support from Media. Whereas, I received large number of messages from individuals. Very few were with any Information. Most important message, I received in May, 2008, was from one CA Mr. Kamal Sharma. However, following message posted on Saturday, February 21, 2009, 12:15 PM, by one Mr. S. Kumar in a Yahoogroup, raising very serious question that whether Nehru was abettor and protector of corruption and black money. If this was true, then certainly conduct of Nehru was shameful, contrary to his prevailed image of a National Leader. 

 

Message of Mr. S. Kumar:-

The first such secret Swiss account after 1947 was found to be that of Jagjivan Ram having over Rs.1 Crore (you can imagine the value today after 60 years), when CBI Director Kandaswamy was asked by a furious Nehur to enquire about such allegations of corruption of his Ministers. The second was that of Pratap Singh Kairon!!

A disgusted Nehru asked Kandaswamy to close the files as he could not take action against his own colleagues!! The Nehru dynasty continued to embellish the Swiss accounts at different stages to the present sibling Raol (or Rahul), who was arrested at Logan (Or Bostan) Airport in US carrying suitcases full of US- $ in (or $ 2 Million) millions on arrival from India(?)!!

One of the notable highly corrupt CM-s was Chimanbhai Patel of Gujarat, who was funnelling out Rs.1 Crore every day through couriers via Nepal and HK, though much of these illegal wealth of over Rs.600 Crores has fallen under the control of bureaucrats and other Minister colleagues, leading to his Cardiac arrest and death!!

In the larger national Interests, and in considering aforesaid message, I humbly request you all, if some one may kindly find out authenticity of all the aforesaid matters. This is my further Appeal to Political Parties to make an important Election Issue, during forth coming Lok Sabha Election about the matter of Black Money in Swiss Banking System.

Another message from one `Sandhya' suggests:- 

Indian intelligence is well aware of exactly who has a foreign bank account! So we don't need information at all - we need a law to deposit the whole sums into the Consolidated Fund of India, no questions asked.

Milap Choraria



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[mukto-mona] FW: [WideMinds] Re: wife "beating" in the Quran / comment

Dear Sir malhaq,

You are absolutely wrong about your statement on wife beating. I wonder whether you read Quran and try to understand the meaning of it.
In Sura Nisa's Ayat number (4:34), the third sentence is, "....Wa allati takhafhuna nushujahunna faiduhunna wahjuruhunna Fil madajiyee
waadribuhunna."  This means, "Among your wives, who you suspect to be not obedient; advise them, then leave their beds and beat them.''
If you say that wife beating has not been recommended in Quran, this would be dead wrong. Remember one thing, hating and criticizing the
religious people have no point because they do not do these things just by their own wish, they just do not become chauvinist by themselves;
they have been told to do so by their favorite book, which they kiss million times.

I hope this clears the water.

Thanks,
KR



To: WideMinds@yahoogroups.com
From: malhaqonline@gmail.com
Date: Thu, 26 Feb 2009 15:26:18 -0800
Subject: Re: [WideMinds] Re: wife "beating" in the Quran / comment


Are you feeling okay? Since when did wifebeating become an order in Islam?
 
There is no such command in the Quran, its all twisted. Okay, men do not have to act servile but you can leave your male chauvinism outside of the Quran.

On Wed, Feb 25, 2009 at 5:40 PM, Jimmy Jumshade <jimmybug@rocketmail.com> wrote:
Wife beating & non-ass-kissing of woman is the best & only thing to come out of Islam/QURAN...........for it prevents women from becoming BOSSES of men. Just look at Western Society......where men have given away all their power & become slaves of women & given women jobs they are not qualified for nor they deserve. Men have screwed themselves..............Men have made women superior & degraded & made themselves inferior.

Men in the West forever degrade & enslave themselves further by kneeling down to propose to a woman!!! Begging to provide free-loading women everything for life-time & on top of kneeling down !! The women should be kneeling down to propose to a for a life-time provider...............



--- On Wed, 2/25/09, STUDENT of THE QURAN <irtaza1@yahoo.com> wrote:
From: STUDENT of THE QURAN <irtaza1@yahoo.com>
Subject: [amongbelievers] wife "beating" in the Quran / comment
To: folksandfriends@yahoogroups.com
Date: Wednesday, February 25, 2009, 5:17 PM



  
[1:1] In the name of GOD, Most Gracious, Most Merciful
 
 
Salamun Alykum
 
Please refer to the following translation of the verse [4:34] regarding "wife beating"
issue.
 
[4:34] The men are made responsible for the women, and GOD has endowed them with certain qualities, and made them the bread earners. The righteous women will cheerfully accept this arrangement, since it is GOD's commandment, and honor their husbands during their absence. If you experience rebellion from the women, you shall first talk to them, then (you may use negative incentives like) deserting them in bed, then you may (as a last alternative) beat them. If they obey you, you are not permitted to transgress against them. GOD is Most High, Supreme.
 
The word "Idribuhunne" is translated as "beat them" in the above verse. The root of this word is "DaRaBa". If you look at any Arabic dictionary you will find a long list of meanings ascribed to this word. That list is one of the longest list in whole Arabic dictionary. It can be said that "DaRaBa" is the number-one multi-meaning word in Arabic. It has so many different meanings, we can find numerous different meanings ascribed to it in the Quran.    
  
  • To travel, to get out: 3:156; 4:101; 38:44; 73:20; 2:273 
  • To strike: 2:60,73; 7:160; 8:12; 20:77; 24:31; 26:63; 37:93; 47:4 
  • To beat: 8:50; 47:27 
  • To set up: 43:58; 57:13 
  • To give (examples): 14:24,45; 16:75,76,112; 18:32,45; 24:35; 30:28,58; 36:78; 39:27,29; 43:17; 59:21; 66:10,11 
  • To take away, to ignore: 43:5 
  • To condemn: 2:61 
  • To seal, to draw over: 18:11 
  • To cover: 24:31 
  • To explain: 13:17 
 
Perhaps, we need to reflect on the following verse before we decide the appropriate meaning of the word "Idribuhunne" in verse 4:34 above.
 
[3:7] He sent down to you this scripture, containing straightforward verses - which constitute the essence of the scripture - as well as multiple-meaning or allegorical verses. Those who harbor doubts in their hearts will pursue the multiple-meaning verses to create confusion, and to extricate a certain meaning. None knows the true meaning thereof except GOD and those well founded in knowledge. They say, "We believe in this - all of it comes from our Lord." Only those who possess intelligence will take heed.
 
Shouldn't be 4:34 a straightforward verse?!
 
I strongly believe that "separation" is the final resort even though the word "Idribuhunne"  has multiple  meanings.  The idea is attached with the next verse 4:35 as shown below:
 
[4:34] The men are made responsible for the women,  and GOD has endowed them with certain qualities, and made them the bread earners. The righteous women will cheerfully accept this arrangement, since it is GOD's commandment, and honor their husbands during their absence. If you experience rebellion from the women, you shall first talk to them, then (you may use negative incentives like) deserting them in bed, then you may (as a last alternative) "Idribuhunna" . If they obey you, you are not permitted to transgress against them. GOD is Most High, Supreme.
[4:35] If a couple fears separation, you shall appoint an arbitrator from his family and an arbitrator from her family; if they decide to reconcile, GOD will help them get together. GOD is Omniscient, Cognizant.
 
Additionally, the following example reinforce my above belief: 
 
[33:28] O prophet, say to your wives, "If you are seeking this life and its vanities, then let me compensate you and allow you to go amicably.
 
Thank you and may God guide us,
 
M. Irtaza
 
 [33:62] God's Sunnah is unchangeable 
[39:23] The Quran is the best Hadith
 


--- On Mon, 2/23/09, S Turkman <> wrote:
His wife does not cover her hands â€" should he threaten to divorce her?

What should I do if my wife refuses to cover her hands, even though I asked her to do that from the beginning, then I commanded her to, but she refuses? What do you say if I threaten her with divorce?.

Praise be to Allaah. 

We have explained in the answer to questions no. 11774 and 21536 the ruling on women covering their faces and hands, and that it is obligatory for them to cover them in front of non-mahram men.


Allaah has enjoined woman to be obedient to her husband, and has made men qawwaamoon (protectors and maintainers) of women. They are supposed to direct and look after women as a leader directs and looks after his people, because of the physical and mental characteristics with which Allaah has distinguished them, as well as the financial duties that He has enjoined upon them. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): 

"Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allaah has made one of them to excel the other, and because they spend (to support them) from their means"

[al-Nisa 4:34 - Qoraan]


Ibn A Katheer said:  

Ali ibn A Abi Talhah said, narrating from Ibn A Abbaas: "Men are the protectors and maintainers of women" means: they are in charge of them and the woman should obey her husband in the matters in which Allaah has enjoined obedience. Obeying him means treating his family well and looking after his wealth.

Tafseer Ibn A Katheer, 1/492. 

 

If the wife goes against his wishes and refuses to obey him, the husband has to take a gradual approach in handling the matter. First he should admonish her and remind her of the punishment for disobeying his command. If that does not succeed, then he moves on to forsaking her in bed. If that does not work, then he may hit her, but in a manner that is not severe, and there is nothing wrong with also threatening her with divorce. 

Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):


"As to those women on whose part you see ill-conduct, admonish them (first), (next) refuse to share their beds, (and last) beat them"

[al-Nisa 4:34 - Qoraan]


Shaykh Abd al-Rahmaan al-Sadi said: 

"those women on whose part you see ill-conduct" means, those who refuse to obey their husbands and disobey them in word or deed; they should be disciplined gradually. "Admonish them" (first) means, explain the ruling of Allaah concerning obedience to one's husband, encouraging obedience and warning against disobedience. If the wife stops, then that is, what is wanted. Otherwise "the husband should forsake her in her bed, by not sleeping with her" or having intercourse with her, until the desired result is achieved. Otherwise he can "beat her", in a manner that is not severe. If one of these methods achieves the desired result and the wife obeys, then seek not against them means (of annoyance) i.e., you have got, what you wanted, so do not keep rebuking them for things that are in the past, or draw attention to faults that will cause trouble if you mention them.  (Tafseer al-Sadi, page. 142).


You can seek help in admonishing her and advising her by means of useful tapes and books which speak of the obligation of hijab for the Muslim woman, and explain the seriousness of disobedience and its consequences in this world and in the Hereafter. 

You have to be gentle and kind with her. The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "Allah is kind and He loves kindness and confers upon kindness that which he does not confer upon harshness and does not confer upon anything else besides it (kindness)". (Narrated by 'Moslim;, the famous Writer of Hadith in his book, Muslim, 2593.)   


And he (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "There is never any kindness in a thing but it adorns it, and kindness is never lacking from a thing but that makes it ugly". (Narrated by Muslim, 2594). 


And Allaah knows best.

------------
TURKMAN: Islam doesn't tell wife, what to do if its the other way around.








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[ALOCHONA] Saudi Arabian scholar Warns: Alcohol in Bio-fuels is sinful

No sir,

Freedom of Speech does not mean issuing Islamic Orders through a
FaTwah or Edict and create a religious mess in Islamic nations of
Illiterates especially, when Religious Authority is being used in
100% Non Democrative, 100% Religious Saudi Arabia.

--- In alochona@yahoogroups.com, "Mohd. Haque" <haquetm83@...> wrote:
>
>
>
> Being a Muslim I have taken what the so called Saudi scholar said
as an opinion, I wouldn’t take it as fatwa (Islamic ruling) though
as mentioned he is from the fiqh academy. Even if he had claimed it
as fatwa, yet it wouldn’t bother me much. When it is a human
judgment it should have its limitation and you weigh his opinion
according to your own understanding on the matter.
> The Holy Quran prescribe Freedom of Speech, he has said what he
think he should say, take it or leave it. Perhaps your disparagement
here is unnecessary. Since you are not a believer it shouldn’t have
bothered you in the first place.
>  
> It bothered you or the scorn derived from, very likely, something
else. Wish you only good.
>  
> Haque
>
> --- On Tue, 24/2/09, Cyrus <thoughtocrat@...> wrote:
>
> From: Cyrus <thoughtocrat@...>
> Subject: Re: [ALOCHONA] Saudi Arabian scholar Warns: Alcohol in Bio-
fuels is sinful
> To: alochona@yahoogroups.com
> Date: Tuesday, 24 February, 2009, 11:05 AM
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> Next time one of these morons is sick, and goes to the hospital
for treatment, I want him to refuse anything alcohol based for
anesthesia or sterilization. I want the doctors to operate on him
without any narcotic or painkillers to reduce pain, as they are
also "haram" in Quran because they can impair your judgment. Only
then he would understand that their meaningless propaganda of the
last millennium is irrelevant. Funny thing is, no one mentions that
Hazrat Omar was actually an alcoholic (as well as a megalomaniac) ,
and that the Semitic tribes during Prophet Mohammed's time traded
wine, as well as served them at family gatherings and parties. Oh, I
am sorry....you didn't know that Prophet Mohammed was also
a "Semite"? And you thought that only the Jews are the Semites?
>  
> Religion is the enemy of science. And if I have to choose between
faith, religion, and the teachings of some puritanical mollahs and
science, I pick science.
> C
>
>
>
>
> From: K. Raisuddin <Kraisuddin@hotmail. com>
> To: alochona@yahoogroup s.com
> Sent: Monday, February 23, 2009 8:55:58 PM
> Subject: RE: [ALOCHONA] Saudi Arabian scholar Warns: Alcohol in Bio-
fuels is sinful
>
>
>
> It would have been more appropriate if the citing was about the
destruction of human food to produce biofuels in order to feed the
vehicles. Where as the world is facing the acute shortage of human
foods in many parts of the world, the obligation of the rich
countries would have been to preserve more and more human foods, and
even if they sell instead of donating, millions of human lives would
have been saved. Cellulose biofuel production is alright because in
that process human foods are not used; but producing biofuel using
human food is extremely unethical.
>
>
>
> From: rkhundkar@earthlink .net
> Date: Sun, 22 Feb 2009 18:31:55 -0500
> Subject: [ALOCHONA] Saudi Arabian scholar Warns: Alcohol in Bio-
fuels is sinful
>
>
>
>
>  
>
> Saudi Muslim cleric warns that biofuels could be sinful
> By Eoin O'Carroll | 02.20.09
> http://features. csmonitor. com/environment/ 2009/02/20/ saudi-
muslim- cleric-warns- that-biofuels- could-be- sinful/
> A prominent Muslim scholar in Saudi Arabia has warned that those
using alcohol-based biofuels in their cars could be committing a sin.
> The warning was issued by Sheikh Mohamed Al-Najimi, a member of the
Islamic Fiqh Academy, an institute that studies Islamic jurisprudence
for the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, an international
group with a permanent delegation to the United Nations. According to
the Al Arabiya News Channel, an international news outlet is based in
Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Mr. Najim directed his warning to Saudi
youths studying abroad.
> Al Arabiya notes that Najimi stressed that this warning was not an
official fatwa, or religious edict, just his personal opinion. Najimi
added that the issue “needs to be studied by the relevant religious
bodies.”
> Ethanol, a common type of biofuel, is made of the same type of
alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and its production is similar
to that of hard liquor. Plant matter is fermented using yeast, and
the result is distilled to increase the concentration of alcohol.
> Fuels with high concentrations of ethanol â€" the most common being
E85, a gasoline blend with 85 percent ethanol â€" can be used in flex-
fuel vehicles, which make up more than seven million of the roughly
250 million passenger cars and trucks on America’s roads. Most
gasoline sold in the United States contains about 10 percent ethanol.
The fuel is more common in many Latin American countries,
particularly Brazil.
> In addition to beverages and biofuels, ethanol is a widely used in
industry for its properties as a solvent and an antiseptic. It’s a
common component of perfumes and paints. The chemical is also
necessary in the production of vinegar â€" one of the Prophet
Muhammad’s favorite seasonings.
> The Koran prohibits consumption of alcohol in three separate verses
that were written over a period of several years. The first mention
occurs in 4:43, in which Muslims are told that they must not pray
while intoxicated. A verse written later â€" 2:219 â€" says that in
wine and gambling “is great sin, and some profit, for men; but the
sin is greater than the profit.” Finally, in 5:90-91, intoxicants
and gambling are called “an abomination” and “Satan’s
handiwork”:
>
> Satan’s plan is (but) to excite enmity and hatred between you,
with intoxicants and gambling, and hinder you from the remembrance of
Allah, and from prayer: will ye not then abstain?
> This admonition is waived in the hereafter, apparently: Many
passages in the Islamic holy book describe heaven as having rivers of
wine.
> Ironically, it was Muslim chemists who introduced distillation to
the West. The process of distilling pure ethanol from wine was
perfected by 8th- and 9th-century Persian chemists, who used it to
create perfumes and eyeliner. Their writings were translated by
European scholars in the 12th century, and the process was used to
make potable spirits. The word “alcohol” is itself of Arabic
origin.
>
>
>
>
>
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Liveâ„¢ goes way beyond your inbox. More than messages
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