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Friday, July 9, 2010

[ALOCHONA] Nuclear waste management at Rooppur



No reason to worry about
 

A nuclear power plant
NUCLEAR fuel that undergoes fission in nuclear reactors consists of heavy elements like uranium-235, available in nature, and uranium 233 and plutonium-239, both produced artificially from thorium-232 and uranium-238, respectively, in nuclear reactors by interaction with neutrons.

The concentration of uranium-235 in natural uranium is very low, only 0.71%. The rest is uranium-238, a heavier isotope of uranium which does not fission in normal reactors. For use in light water reactors, it is necessary to enrich, i.e. increase the concentration of, uranium-235 to 3% to 4%.

Nuclear fuel requires several stages of processing before it can be put inside nuclear reactors in the form of fuel assemblies or bundles. The uranium ore undergoes milling, conversion to uranium hexafluoride, enrichment and again conversion to its final form -- uranium dioxide.

This oxide looks like a black powder, which is compacted to form small pellets about one centimeter in diameter and of the same height. These pellets are put inside metallic tubes called claddings, which are later sealed to prevent leakage of any substance from inside. The tubes form what are known as fuel bundles or assemblies.

Nuclear fuel does not burn like normal fossil fuels, which produce ash and flue gases. Instead, it undergoes fission inside a nuclear reactor and produces energy and fission products, which may be either solids or gases. The fission products are highly radioactive. The energy is carried away by the coolant to produce electricity. The fission products stay inside the fuel or the sealed cladding.

The fuel assemblies can stay inside a reactor for several years before they are replaced with new ones. The used fuel assemblies, after being taken out of the reactors, are called spent fuel. They produce heat even after they are taken out of the reactor, because of the intense gamma radiation, and need cooling. They are, therefore, stored in a pool of circulating water.

The spent fuel contains some unused uranium-235 and plutonium-239 plus uranium-238, which can be recovered by reprocessing the spent fuel, and can be reused in nuclear reactors. After reprocessing, the recovered uranium is sent for further enrichment.

Mixed with uranium dioxide, the plutonium-239 can be used as fuel after conversion into oxides. The highly radioactive fission products are separated from the spent fuel and stored in sealed and shielded canisters in safe depositories.

Nuclear fuel produces waste at different stages of processing. Some of the waste are radioactive and require special treatment for protecting human health and minimising their impact on the environment.

Radioactive waste is normally classified into three categories, namely low-level, medium-level and high-level waste depending on the amount, types and half-lives of radioactivity.

Half-life is the time taken by a radioactive substance or isotope to lose half of its activity. Half-lives vary from a fraction of a second to millions of years. Radioactivity decreases with time as the isotopes decay into stable and non-radioactive ones. Short-lived isotopes decay quickly whereas long-lived ones decay slowly.

Low-level waste contains small amounts of short-lived radioactivity. It is not dangerous to handle but needs to be disposed of carefully. Usually, it is buried underground, only a few feet deep. If necessary, it can be compacted or incinerated in a closed container to reduce the volume before final disposal. By volume, it consists of 90% of all radioactive waste worldwide, but contains only 1% of the total radioactivity.

The residue after mining and milling of uranium contains very low-level radioactivity and is generally buried in the mines. Depleted uranium (the left-over after enrichment), containing mostly uranium-238, is less radioactive than natural uranium.

Medium-level waste contains higher amounts of radioactivity and may require special shielding before disposal. Worldwide, it consists of 7% of the volume and contains 4% of the radioactivity of all radioactive waste. If necessary, it can be solidified through mixing with concrete or bitumen before disposal.

The short-lived waste from nuclear reactors can be buried like low-level waste, but the long-lived waste is disposed of deep underground. Because of shorter half-lives, both low-level and medium-level waste lose their radioactivity in time and become harmless after disposal.

High-level waste includes spent fuel and the main waste from reprocessed fuel. It consists of 3% of the volume of all radioactive waste and contains 95% of the radioactivity. It is comprised of highly radioactive fission products and some heavy elements with long-lived radioactivity. It generates a significant amount of heat and requires cooling and special shielding during handling and transportation.

If the spent fuel is reprocessed, the separated waste is vitrified, i.e. turned into glass by mixing it with borosilicate glass which is sealed inside stainless steel canisters for storage or disposal deep underground. Liquid high-level waste is evaporated to solids, mixed with glass-forming materials, melted, and poured into stainless steel canisters which are sealed by welding, again for storage or disposal.

If the spent fuel is not reprocessed, all the highly radioactive isotopes stay inside the fuel assemblies, which become high-level waste. Used fuel assemblies occupy about nine times the volume of equivalent vitrified high-level waste which results from reprocessing.

Whether reprocessed or not, the volume of high-level waste is modest. A typical large reactor produces about 3 cubic meters of vitrified waste or 25-30 tonnes of spent fuel per year. Because of its small volume, it is not difficult to store in isolated locations.

The transuranium elements (heavier than uranium) formed inside the nuclear reactors by absorption of neutrons have longer half-lives (thousands of years) compared with those of fission products (about 30 years or less).

It is possible to solve the problem of management of long-lived heavy elements by converting them into fission products with shorter half-lives by transmutation, i. e. irradiating them with fast neutrons in reactors causing fissions. The resulting fission products have shorter half-lives. Disposal of such short-lived fission products will be much easier than the tranuranium elements with long half-lives.

Final disposal of high-level waste is delayed for 40-50 years to allow its radioactivity to decay, after which less than one-thousandth of its initial radioactivity remains, and it is much easier to handle. Hence, canisters of vitrified waste, or used fuel assemblies, are stored under water in special ponds, or in dry concrete structures or casks for at least this length of time.

The final disposal of vitrified wastes, or of used fuel assemblies without reprocessing, requires their isolation from the environment for long periods. The most acceptable method is to bury them in dry, stable, geological formations deep underground, preferably inside abandoned salt mines.

According to available information, Russia is likely to supply nuclear fuel in the form of fuel assemblies for the proposed nuclear power plant at Rooppur, and take the spent fuel back. If this arrangement can be successfully implemented, Bangladesh will not have to worry about disposal of any high-level nuclear waste as all high-level waste, together with the spent fuel, will be transported back to Russia in properly shielded containers.

Bangladesh has to ensure that it gets back full credit for the unused uranium and plutonium that will be transported to Russia with the spent fuel. Russia may, however, charge Bangladesh the cost of handling, transportation and reprocessing of the spent fuel and that of safe storage of the high-level nuclear waste.

In case the spent fuel is not taken back by Russia, Bangladesh will store the spent fuel in a safe location close to the nuclear power plant for the time being. It is now widely believed that the present share of electricity generation through nuclear power will increase manifold in the near future, mainly because of environmental considerations, since nuclear power is the only alternative to fossil fuels now available in large commercial quantities that does not produce harmful greenhouse gases.

As a result, the demand for nuclear fuel will also increase and, consequently, there will be a market for spent nuclear fuel since it contains valuable unused uranium and fissile plutonium which can be recycled in nuclear reactors. Moreover, several new designs of nuclear reactors, which can be fueled by spent fuel without reprocessing, are now under development. This may further increase the demand for spent fuel in the international market.

Handling, storage and disposal of low and medium-level nuclear waste pose no serious problem. Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission has the necessary expertise and experience to manage such waste and, in fact, has been doing so since the construction of its research reactor in 1986 at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) at Savar. There is, therefore, no reason to worry about the management of nuclear wastes from the Rooppur nuclear power plant.

Dr. Abdul Matin is a former Chief Engineer of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission

http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=146074



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[ALOCHONA] Gazetted uncertainty



Gazetted uncertainty

In light of the government's order for a 'thorough review' of the already-gazetted Detailed Area Plan for Dhaka city, Mohiuddin Alamgir writes about the confusion it has sparked and its possible consequences


photo by Al-Emrun Garjon

For a rapidly growing city like Dhaka, a comprehensive plan, outlining and charting the development process, was always going to be essential.

   As such, many attribute the lack of implementation of such a plan as one of the key factors, leading to the 'unliveable' metropolis that Dhaka has become. And the long delays over its implementation have already resulted in the destruction of the city's vast low-lying areas, landscape, natural environment, wetlands, flood retention basins and many open spaces, in the name of development.

   To avoid such works in future and ensure a planned growth for the city, Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (Rajuk) initiated a Detailed Area Plan (DAP) with objectives that include the provision of a quality urban design with regard to aesthetics, function and flexibility as the main characteristics; guiding the private sector development and creating an urban environment, that will enable citizens to enjoy the services that suit urban living.

   The Bangladesh government, on June 22, gazetted the eagerly anticipated DAP for the capital city. However, while activists, environmentalists, planners, academicians and officials alike, praised the initiative, there is still an air of confusion surrounding the actual implementation of such an enormous plan.

   Matters were not helped when the government issued an order for a 'thorough review' of the already-gazetted DAP by a cabinet committee, creating fresh uncertainty over the ultimate fate of the document prepared by Rajuk.

   Several review committee members feared that the new inter-ministerial committee will only compound the confusion among people and was in violation of existing law while potentially delaying the implementation of DAP. The chairman of Rajuk, Nurul Huda seconds this notion, and alleges an influential quarter of attempting to distort and deviate from the already-gazetted DAP.

   'An influential vested quarter is hatching a conspiracy to twist and distort the already-gazetted DAP, so that its implementation is thwarted,' Nurul Huda said in a meeting in Dhaka.

   However, real estate businessmen and land developers have expressed their dissatisfaction over the issuance of the gazette notification.

   They claim that the DAP has been planned by non-governmental organisation activists, not by urban planners and differs from the Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP). The notification of the final gazette was also issued without any consultation with local lawmakers while violating the Terms of Reference.

   'This plan was based on statistics from 1995 and you cannot make a master plan with statistics of the Mughal era. Moreover, this plan has deviated from the structural plan of DMDP,' says Nasrul Hamid Bipu, lawmaker of Dhaka-3 constituency, a member of standing committee on Ministry of Works and the president of Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh (REHAB).

   Activists point to the erstwhile failures in implementing plans of such ilk and as such, it is essential that some form of awareness is built among people to follow the plan. The respective authorities should also be sincere and dedicated to the execution of the plan. In order to accomplish the goal set forward in the plan, some follow-up actions have also been suggested.

   'Now, the major challenge is to implement the area plan without further delay,' says Iqbal Habib, a member of the DAP review committee and also an urban planner and joint secretary of Bangladesh Paribesh Andolan.

   Six years after the project had been initiated by Rajuk, the government on June 22, gazetted the much-hyped DAP.

   The gazette notification was issued under section 73 of the Town Improvement Act, 1953 (E B Act XIII of 1953), encompassing, 1528 square kilometres or 590 square miles under the master plan of DAP for DMDP under the jurisdiction of Rajuk.

   'According to subsection 1 of section 74 of the Town Improvement Act 1953, the Detailed Area Plan for Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan is hereby gazetted,' read the notification.

   On the previous day, the cabinet had asked the ministries concerned to gazette the DAP after the draft plan was placed at its weekly meeting, presided over by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina for final approval.

   According to the prime minister's press secretary, Abul Kalam Azad, Hasina had ordered that the DAP be placed on the government's website, to keep the people informed and for feedbacks, which leaves open the possibility for further amendments.

   The prime minister's spokesperson also said that an inter-ministerial committee, with members from seven ministries, had been formed to discuss the plan with various related parties and implement decisions speedily.

   However, Azad evaded queries on whether the cabinet had approved the plan, which would indicate that the DAP has been finalised, while talking to journalists after the cabinet meeting on June 21.

   Expressing satisfaction over the passage of the DAP, the state minister for housing and public works, Abdul Mannan Khan told New Age, 'The capital city finally has the Detailed Area Plan which will be legally binding on anyone using Dhaka city's land.'

   'With the passage of the DAP, all future development and construction works, both in public and private sectors, will have to be in conformity with the DAP of the master plan or with amendment thereof,' says Syeda Rizwana Hasan, chief executive of Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association, also a review committee member of DAP.

   The DAP, the third phase of DMDP, was officially gazetted in 1997 but it took Rajuk years to initiate preparations for its implementation and finally started work in 2004. The regulatory body appointed five private consultants for the DAP project, at a cost of Tk 22.47 crore, to prepare a structured plan for the capital city, covering an area of 1,528 square kilometres under Rajuk's jurisdiction. Later, the project's cost increased to about Tk 25 crore.

   The areas under the DAP jurisdiction include the Gazipur Pourasabha to the north, Dhaleshwari river to the south, Bangshi and Dhaleshwari rivers to the west and the Shitalakkhya and Meghna rivers to the east.

   After missing several deadlines, Rajuk for the fourth time on December 31, 2009, had decided to finalise the DAP, with a view to the city's possible growth until 2015.

   According to the recommendation of the DAP review committee, major private housing projects stand to be scrapped as these are all described as 'non-conforming' with the provisions of the DAP. As such, the DAP does not allow the continuance of its present use and fixes a time frame for its discontinuation, based on the nature and extent of its potential adverse effects on the underlying land use. These include Madhumati Model Town, Eastern Mayakanan, Advanced Angel City, Ashulia Model Town, Dhaka Uddyan, Bashundhara River View, New Uttara Model Town, Green Model Town, BDDL, Neptune, Swarnali, Swadesh, and Advanced Angel in the suburbs of Dhaka.

   Many government establishments such as Gazipur upazila headquarters, Keraniganj upazila headquarters, Sonakanda BSCIC Industrial Area, Dhaka City Corporation's dump at Baliarpur and Bhurulia Rural Electrification Board Office, will also need to be relocated to free up the flood-flow zones.

   On the other hand, many of the government's projects fell in to the overlay zone (use/function non-compliant with the DAP but is allowed to continue in its present form) which include the Purbachal Residential project, Jhilmil project (without extension) and Pangao Container Port and others.

   'Most of the non-conforming private projects came to collect the approval of Rajuk. However, there are many other projects, which did not come for approval, that are situated on agricultural lands, flood-flow zones, water-bodies and water retention ponds,' says Rezwana.

   A Rajuk source informs Xtra that nearly 174 out of 200 large and small housing projects are being conducted illegally, which the authority is drawing up a list of.

   'Rajuk has to reclaim about 3,000 acres of land situated on flood-flow zones and agricultural lands, in and around the capital, where many real estate companies have taken up residential projects, involving crores of takas. Several hundred such plots have already been sold,' says Nurul Islam Nazem, a Dhaka University professor and member of the DAP review committee, who is also the honorary secretary of Centre for Urban Studies (CUS).

   Nasrul, however, believes that the review committee's recommendation is not in line with the structural plan of DMDP.

   'The formation of the review committee is illegal as according to the Terms of Reference (TOR) DMDP, there is no provision allowing for its inception. Moreover, they have violated provisions of the structural plan of DMDP.'

   According to the lawmaker, in the structural plan, there was a provision for sub flood-flow zones, where projects were allowed, whereas in the DAP, a similar provision is not in place, equating to a violation of the law.

    'As per recommendations of the review committee, 75 per cent of the land in my constituency has been demarcated as flood-flow zone,' he added.

    'Mosques and houses built nearly a century ago have fallen under the non-conforming zone but land occupied by the army was overlaid,' alleges Nasrul.

   'The DAP was finalised without out any discussion with lawmakers,' he further adds.

   Bangladesh Land Developers Association (BLDA) has made similar observations, expressing dissatisfaction over the issue through advertisements in some of the newspapers of the country.

   Mostofa Kamal Mohiuddin, general secretary of BLDA, was not available for comment, although he was phoned at least 15 times and had been sent two messages on his cell phone.

   Rezwana and Nazem, however, refute Nasrul's allegations and inform Xtra that Rajuk and the review committee had sat with the lawmakers of Dhaka city on numerous occasions. They also inform that the review committee falls within the framework of DMDP.

   According to Nasrul, a number of Dhaka's lawmakers fear drastic changes to the land use in their respective constituencies and had sent letters to the parliamentary standing committee.

   When asked about the issue, the review committee members submit that a misconception is being promulgated among lawmakers, by a certain quarter.

   'There is a myth that lands which fall in the flood-flow zones will be acquired by the government but it will not happen,' says Rezwana.

   'Moreover, land used by the masses will be well protected by the law from land-grabbers, who forcefully seized land in the past,' she adds.

   'We have followed a principle in identifying the agricultural lands, flood-flow zones, water bodies and water-retention ponds. We have tried to follow the guidelines given in the structural plan of 1997,' says Professor Sarwar Jahan, chairman of Urban and Regional Planning of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology and also a member of DAP review committee.

   'We have not suggested any change to the land use category of such areas developed before 1997. But the flood-flow zones, wetlands and agricultural lands, developed after 1997, must retain its original shape if we want to save Dhaka,' warns Nazem.

   According to the DAP, Rajuk will need to reclaim about 3,000 acres of land falling under the flood-flow and agricultural zones, which are occupied by real estate companies, and relocate 2,724 industries to implement the DAP. Of the 2,724 industries that need to be relocated, 292 are light, 1549 general, 709 heavy and 174 are noxious industries.

   The detailed plan will also provide instructions on the management of the communication system and the drainage system under the Multi-Sectoral Investment Programme.

   The implementation of the DAP will also require further construction of roads, lanes and by-lanes, in addition to the widening of existing roads, as the recommendations and suggestions of the Strategic Transport Plan has been incorporated into the area plan.

   Out of a total of 590 square miles of jurisdiction area in the area plan, 33.35 per cent of the areas have been kept for urban and rural residential and mixed purposes. These are expected to house 18.53 million people by 2015.

   The circular of the Cabinet Division on the formation of the seven-member cabinet committee, led by the LGRD and cooperatives minister, contains: 'The committee will finalise the Detailed Area Plan after reviewing the suggestions of the public representatives, opinions received through websites and other media and views of the ministries and divisions concerned.' The Cabinet Division's official order was signed by joint secretary Md Nurul Islam on June 27 on behalf of the President.

   The cabinet on the day formed an inter-ministerial committee, including ministers from the ministries of land, water, communication and shipping and the state ministers from the ministries of environment and forests and the housing and public works for giving a final shape to the DAP.

   The cabinet also asked the authorities concerned for immediate measures to protect the city's wetlands and flood flow zones.

   Even after the gazette notification of the DAP, review committee members believe that this decision has been taken by the government to serve the purpose of 'vested quarters' and feared that the recommendations and suggestions of the committee might be ditched.

   Meanwhile, legal experts and concerned individuals say that the government cannot review the DAP once it is gazetted and termed the move a deviation from the Town Improvement Act 1953.

   As per the DAP gazette, 'the government has approved the plan with some amendments after considering disputes and recommendations received so far, within the stipulated time.'

   They also pointed to the contradictory government orders, saying that the government has taken the second move having given in to the pressures from influential real estate and land developers.

   'Once the DAP is gazetted, it is finalised and thus, there remains no scope for reviewing it,' says Rezwana

   'When the government approves the Master Plan submitted under section 73, it shall announce the fact by notification and the publication of such notification shall be conclusive evidence that the Master Plan has been duly made and approved and thereafter it shall be unlawful for any person to use any for any purpose other than that laid down in the Master Plan,' Rizwana Hassan quotes section 74(1) of the Town Improvement Act 1953.

   'It is confusing to us. How can the DAP, which has been finalised and gazetted after sufficient reviews and public hearings, again be finalised?' asks Nazem.

   'This would thwart the implementation of DAP,' he adds.

   According to the review committee members, a clash of interests may have compelled the government to take such a decision.

   'There is a clash of interests as some lawmakers are real estate businessmen too and they are trying to thwart the implementation of the DAP,' says Nazem.

   Asked about the circular to review the gazetted DAP, Rajuk's chairman, Nurul Huda averted a direct reply, stating, 'Nothing is fixed.

    The DAP can be amended. But it has to reflect the aspirations of mass people, not to serve any certain quarter.'

   According to activists, Rajuk has to be strengthened an coordination among the authorities must be forged while awareness has to be built among people to implement the plan and to have an environmentally sustainable and livable Dhaka.

   However, Rajuk is going to work out an action plan to implement the Detailed Area Plan that has outlined specific land use plans for the capital city. Rajuk is set to reclaim the flood-flow and sub flood-flow zones and agricultural lands, where real estate companies have taken up residential projects.

   'We will reclaim all the land in line with the area plan in phases. Before that, we will ask the people concerned not to develop land on flood-flow zones and agricultural lands,' says Zahurul Haq, project director of DAP.

   A Rajuk official informs that the city development authorities have already held a meeting on how to implement the area plan.

   It was decided in the meeting that Rajuk would soon publish a notice in newspapers, informing people of the DAP's gazette notification and asking all to follow the DAP guidelines, the official reveals.

   Experts and green activists have asked the authorities concerned to take initiatives immediately to implement the area plan.

   'Rajuk alone will never be able to implement the area plan. All the ministries, divisions, departments and local government bodies will need to be engaged in the process,' says Sarwar as Habib and Rezwana echoed the view.

   Rezwana also stresses on the need for coordination among ministries of environment and forests and the housing and public works, Rajuk, Dhaka City Corporation as well as the Police.

   Nurul Huda has urged all to launch a social movement against the vested quarters who want to obstruct the implementation of DAP while speaking at a discussion meeting on the National Building Code and its implementation, at the National Press Club, on June 30.

    Much Ado ...
    · Government of Bangladesh gazetted DAP on June 22, and ordered for a 'thorough review' of the already-gazetted DAP on June 27
    · An influential vested quarter is hatching a conspiracy to twist and distort the already-gazetted DAP so that its implementation is thwarted: Nurul Huda
    · This plan was based on statistics from 1995 and a master plan cannot be fromulated on the basis of such statistics: Nasrul Hamid Bipu
    · Many of the recommendations by the DAP review committee deviate from the structural plan of DMDP: REHAB and BLDA leaders
    · Rajuk has to reclaim about 3,000 acres of land where many real estate companies have taken up residential projects involving crores of takas, several hundred of which have already been sold, in order to implement the DAP
    · 2,724 industries need to be relocated, which include 292 light, 1549 general, 709 heavy and 174 noxious industries: experts
    · Once the DAP is gazetted, it is finalised and thus there is no scope for reviewing it: Rezwana
    · According to the recommendation of the review committee, 75 per cent of the land in my constituency (Dhaka-3) has been demarcated as a flood-flow zone: Nasrul
   · Rajuk to work out an action plan to implement the DAP

   According to the recommendation of DAP review committee, future land use of the capital city will be :
   - Agricultural zone — 89471.1 acres (27.27 per cent)
   - Flood flow zone — 81024.214 acres (24.70 per cent)
   - Urban residential zone — 64807.96 acres (19.76 per cent)
   - Rural settlement zone 31982.89 acres (9.75 per cent )
   - Water body 18782.14 acres (5.73 per cent)
   - Mixed-use zone (residential – commercial) 8098.03 acres (2.47 per cent)
   - Water retention area 5737.876 acres (1.75 per cent)
   - General industrial zone — 3866.68 acres (1.18 per cent)
   - Institutional zone — 3879.252 acres (1.17 per cent)
   - Mixed-use zone (residential-commercial-general industries) 3733.12 acres (1.14 per cent)
   - Open space 3080.091 acres (0.94 per cent)
   - Heavy industrial zone 2012.86 acres (0.61 per cent)
   - Commercial zone (Business)— 1193.32 acres (0.36 per cent)
   - Administrative zone — 980.49 acres (0.30 per cent)
   - Mixed-use zone (residential – general industrial) 739.21 (0.23 per cent)
   - Mixed-use zone (commercial – general Industrial) 327.65 acres (0.10 per cent)
   - Commercial zone (office)— 6.88 acres (0.0021 per cent)
 


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[ALOCHONA] Free Jamaat Leaders - online vote and comment



Dear brother

assalamu alakium

it is an urgent request to put comment and vote in the following websites for our leaders.

http://freejamatleaders.com/bangla

http://www.petitiononline.com/u080710k/petition.html


ma assalam
your brother




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