Banner Advertiser

Friday, October 15, 2010

[ALOCHONA] Re: Railways in Tibet



The train in Tibet and the Clouds over Himalayas

NEW China has no money problem. When Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited debt-laden Greece last week he promised to double trade in five years and buy Greek bonds when Athens returns to international markets. It is a way to invest the Middle Kingdom's phenomenal export trade surplus.

Another way to invest is to build infrastructure within the boundaries of China. This serves several purposes: it helps stabilize 'restive' regions of the Empire, gets some revenue out of the tourism development and perhaps more importantly 'defends' the borders of the People's Republic of China.

...nobody is fooled by Beijing's propaganda: the train will be used to bring more Han migrants and change the mountainous region's demography.

The construction work on a strategic rail line which will be connecting Lhasa to Shigatse, the Tibetan Autonomous Region's (TAR) second largest city is an important step towards the borders of Nepal, and also India and Bhutan.

Zhang Ping, the head of the powerful National Reform and Development Commission (corresponding to our Planning Commission) stated that the 253-km extension will cost about 13.3 billion yuan ($2 billion) and take four years to complete.

Officially, the railway is being brought to modernize and develop the region. But nobody is fooled by Beijing's propaganda: the train will be used to bring more Han migrants and change the mountainous region's demography. In The China Daily, Railways Minister Liu Zhijun admitted the 'vital role (of the railway) in boosting tourism …and promoting the rational use of resources along the line'. Despite the declarations of Zhang Qingli, the Communist Party boss in Tibet: "The railway will detour around nature reserves and drinking water sources… measures will be taken during construction to better protect the fragile plateau environment." It sounds like looting the rich mineral resources of the Tibetan plateau.

The extension of the railway towards the Nepal border will make it easier for the People's Liberation Army to rapidly deploy missiles targeting the large Indian metropolis, without being spotted.

But that is not all. More importantly for India, the rail can be used to bring missiles closer to the Indian border. Recently in its annual report, the Pentagon stated: "To improve regional deterrence, the PLA has replaced older liquid-fuelled, nuclear-capable CSS-3 intermediate-range ballistic missiles with more advanced and survivable solid-fuelled CSS-5 [DF21] MRBMs (Medium Range Ballistic Missile) and may be developing contingency plans to move airborne troops into the region."

Known as DF 21, some of these missiles have been based in Qinghai province in the north-eastern part of the Tibetan plateau. The Federation of American Scientist Security blog found out: "In one image, taken by the GeoEye-1 satellite on June 14, 2010, two launch units are visible approximately 230 km west of Delingha (with Da Qaidam, it has been the traditional bases of the Second Artillery Corps in the region). The units are dug into the dry desert slopes near Mount Chilian along national road G215. Missile launchers, barracks, maintenance and service units are concealed under large dark camouflage, which stands out clearly in the brown desert soil."

The proximity to the highway makes them mobile. The same blog explains: "It requires solid ground when launching to prevent damage from debris kicked up by the rocket engine. As a result, launchers would have to stay on roads or use the pre-made launch pads that stand out clearly in high-resolution satellite images."

Moreover, a launcher needs support vehicles for targeting, repair, and communication; though it is not an easy proposition to move these missiles around, the train may, in the future be of great help.

The extension of the railway towards the Nepal border will make it easier for the People's Liberation Army to rapidly deploy missiles targeting the large Indian metropolis, without being spotted.

The Pentagon report has mentioned only the road network: "China is currently investing in road development along the Sino-Indian border primarily to facilitate economic development in western China; improved roads would also support PLA border defence operations."

Another worrying piece of news is the fact that Nepal is quickly becoming a Chinese colony.

When the railway line to Lhasa was inaugurated in July 2006, many in India expressed some concern. Since then, rumours have been circulating that a parallel line was being constructed to allow the movement of troops and military equipment. Added to the extensive network of good roads and airports in Nyingchi (north of Arunachal Pradesh), Ngari (north of Uttarkhand/Himachal) as well as the improvement of the present airport facilities in Lhasa and Chamdo in eastern Tibet, this should be a reason to worry for India.

Wang Mengshu, a railway tunnel expert and member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering told The China Daily that half of the line to Shigatse (some 115 km) will be laid in tunnels or on bridges. Officially it is to protect the environment, but it is undoubtedly easier to hide train loads in tunnels.
In a few years' time, the next extension of the railway will reach Nepal and Nyingchi with all the consequences one can imagine for the defence of the Arunachal Pradesh border.

All this does not augur well for India which has a tendency to think and act at elephant's pace, while Beijing is moving its cards more and more swiftly.

Today Sino-Nepal relations flourish as never before. The website China Tibet Information Center, a subsidiary of the official Xinhua news agency, announced on 13 July that the land port between Nepal and Tibet located at Gyirong (Shigatse Prefecture) will be fully operational in 2011. The website affirmed: "Since the end of 2009, TAR has made great efforts to build the Gyirong Port and speed up its construction in 2010."

The Economic Times affirmed: "China is expanding its engagement with Nepal by building what is being billed as the biggest land port connecting it with the South Asian region as a whole", adding: "The idea is to apparently build it as a border post larger than Nathu-la (in Sikkim)."

The message is clear, even if there is nobody to read it in Delhi. Kathmandu is interested to import petroleum products from China once the secluded ex-Kingdom is connected by rail to TAR.

Another worrying piece of news is the fact that Nepal is quickly becoming a Chinese colony. A Nepali newspaper reported last week: "Nepal government has lately vowed to check 'anti-China activities' to strengthen friendly ties with China, a major donor for the impoverished country."

When the Tibetan diaspora recently voted for their Kalon Tripa (prime minister-in-exile), it was an 'anti-China activity'. While the elections were held smoothly everywhere else in the world, Kathmandu decided to confiscate the ballot boxes. The Ministry of Home Affairs of Nepal issued a statement that the internal vote of the Tibetans was "against Nepal's foreign policy which regards Tibet as an integral part of China".

The Kathmandu police chief explained that the action was taken to prevent an 'illegal vote'. He told AFP: "The Tibetans are living in exile in Nepal. It is illegal for them to carry out elections here."

Many observers see a connection between the Nepal government's reaction and the visit a few weeks earlier of a Chinese high-level delegation led by He Yong, Secretary of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. He is reported to have shown his satisfaction over "Nepal's 'one China' policy and the alertness adopted by the country over the Tibet issue".

Earlier, the Chinese and Nepal governments had agreed to set up a joint mechanism to share intelligence on 'anti-China activities' in Nepal.

All this does not augur well for India which has a tendency to think and act at elephant's pace, while Beijing is moving its cards more and more swiftly.

http://www.indiandefencereview.com/IDR-Updates/The-train-in-Tibet-and-the-Clouds-over-Himalayas-.html

On Thu, Oct 14, 2010 at 11:34 AM, Isha Khan <bdmailer@gmail.com> wrote:

Railways in Tibet

"MOUNT EVEREST is singing for joy and the Brahmaputra River swirling with happiness". Or so says an official Chinese newspaper (using the Tibetan names, Qomolangma and the Yarlung Tsangpo). After much delay, China has started to extend its controversial railway line in Tibet that will draw more tourists to the mountain and boost trade with South Asia. How happy the outcome will be is not so clear.

Planning for the 253km (157-mile) line from the Tibetan capital, Lhasa, to the region's second city, Shigatse, began in 2002, four years before Lhasa itself was connected to China's railway network. The authorities appear not have been deterred by the problems that the railway brought to Lhasa. A tourism boom and a flood of immigrants from China's interior contributed to an explosion of unrest among embittered Tibetans in March 2008. The launch ceremony in Lhasa of the $2 billion extension on September 26th was celebrated by dancing children in elaborate Tibetan costumes. Chinese television said the line would be of "great significance for the strengthening of ethnic unity".

Like the route to Lhasa, which crossed the highest terrain of any railway in the world, the single-track extension will involve considerable technical difficulties. Nearly half of it will go through tunnels or over bridges (96 of them). It will cross areas prone to earthquakes, landslides and sand storms. Whereas the line to Lhasa had to traverse unstable permafrost, the new one will be challenged by geothermal fields with hot springs. All this at an oxygen-starved altitude of 3,550-4,000 metres.

The railway will make it easier to reach Mount Everest, which can expect to see a lot more tourists eager to be photographed in front of the world's highest peak (Shigatse is also due to open an airport soon, Tibet's fifth for civilian use). In 2007 the Chinese side of the mountain recorded 27,476 visits by Chinese tourists, almost twice as many as in 2006, after the new rail service to Lhasa had opened. Environmentalists are worried.

So are the Indians. The government in Delhi has been nervously watching China's build-up of infrastructure in Tibet. The extension to Shigatse, besides facilitating military movements near China's border with India, is likely to boost trade with Nepal, where the two giants are vying for influence in a power struggle that is still going on. China has long-term plans for more extensions of the line, to Nyalam on the border with Nepal and to Dromo near Bhutan and the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal wants the railway extended to Kathmandu, which India fears would give China more clout in a country India sees as part of its sphere of influence. Another proposed line, from Lhasa east to Nyingchi, would bring the network close to the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, most of which China claims.

Tibetans might have mixed feelings too. The rail link to Lhasa brought disproportionate benefits to ethnic Han Chinese whose language and culture enabled them to take quicker advantage of the Han tourist influx. Tibet Business News said the majority of traders in Shigatse were migrants from beyond Tibet. It quoted a woman from neighbouring Sichuan Province saying that the railway would cut her costs of doing business in Shigatse by half. Expect more like her to come.

Correction: An earlier version of this article had it that "most of China" claims the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Rather, (all of) China claims most of Arunachal Pradesh. This article was corrected on October 8th, 2010.

http://www.economist.com/node/17204635




__._,_.___


[Disclaimer: ALOCHONA Management is not liable for information contained in this message. The author takes full responsibility.]
To unsubscribe/subscribe, send request to alochona-owner@egroups.com




Your email settings: Individual Email|Traditional
Change settings via the Web (Yahoo! ID required)
Change settings via email: Switch delivery to Daily Digest | Switch to Fully Featured
Visit Your Group | Yahoo! Groups Terms of Use | Unsubscribe

__,_._,___

[ALOCHONA] The networked world - Studying the world of ANTS



SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010

Colonial Studies – Ant Colonies

Deborah M. Gordon

BOSTON REVIEW

http://www.bostonreview.net/BR35.5/gordon.php

 

 

It is easy to imagine that the lives of the ants resemble our own. An ant might feel, as people sometimes do, lost in the crowd. If you look at a city from far away, you see a hive of activity: people going back and forth from home to job and collecting packages of food and things produced by other people, things to be stored in their chambers or turned into garbage taken away by other people. Each person is a tiny speck in the flow of a system that no one has much power to change.

 

Our fascination with ants has led to engaging stories about them, from the Iliad's Myrmidons to Antz's Z, as well as a growing body of research by biologists. Though the ant colonies of fable and film often are invested with the hierarchical organization characteristic of human societies, a real ant colony operates without direction or management. New research is showing us how ant colonies get things done without anyone being in charge. Ants, it turns out, have much to teach us about the decentralized networks that operate in many biological systems, in which local interactions produce global behavior, without the guidance of any central intelligence or authority.

 

• • •

 

Many of our stories about ants concern how hard they work and how they are reconciled to the anomie of life as a pawn in a larger system. Sometimes we imagine that the ants like it that way. Proverbs 6:6 admonishes the sluggard to emulate the hard-working ants. In Aesop's fables, the ants show perseverance and foresight. Homer's Iliad tells of a race of myrmidons, ants transformed by Zeus into selfless human soldiers. T. H. White, writing during the Cold War, sent the young King Arthur into an ant colony that is a totalitarian hell, with microphones blaring commands.

 

Recent animated films about ants are Hollywood tales of corporate life. Antz (1998) begins with Z, the misunderstood ant worker voiced by Woody Allen, complaining to his therapist that he doesn't feel appreciated as an individual. In Antz, as well as in A Bug's Life (1998), ants triumph through their personal achievements. The Ant Bully (2006) takes this further. A bullying, self-centered boy is transformed into a caring, considerate one by becoming a loyal worker in an ant business where teams of workers compete to gain the most profit for the company.

 

These films substitute descriptions of human societies for those of social insects. For example, workers and management, foremen and generals, are all male. There is romance involving female princesses and queens, who don't do much, but have some maternal authority. In real ant colonies, by contrast, the males are alive for a few days or weeks, only long enough to mate and then die, and the workers are female. Most important, these fictional colonies are home to bureaucrats, officers, and royalty. In real colonies there is no authority. As the writer of Proverbs chapter 6 puts it, the ant, "having no chief, overseer or ruler, gathers the harvest."

 

Ant colony organization is mysterious but effective, so it is easy to attribute extra powers to ants. In most horror movies about ants, the ants are not just creepy—they are somehow better organized than the bumbling humans. In Them! (1954) radiation near a nuclear testing site in New Mexico produces giant ants who take over the sewer system of Los Angeles. The ants sense things that people can't, and their diabolical queen gives them instructions that allow them to outwit the scientist, carry off his daughter (pillbox hat and all), and almost defeat the handsome policeman who sets out to rescue her.

 

Phase IV (1974) takes our awe of ant organization even further. Scientists have set up an ecoysystem inside a dome. Ants get into the dome, as real ants did Biosphere 2, the artificial ecosystem in Arizona. In the film the ants chew through electrical wires, as real ants sometimes do, such as the Paratrechina ants currently disrupting electrical systems in Texas. But the ants in Phase IV chew through the wires with a purpose: to manipulate the computer. They take over the project by causing the computer to overwhelm the less electronically savvy scientists. This seems almost plausible. If a lot of little insects can together build enormous nests, find your cat's food no matter what you do, and reproduce so successfully that a third of the biomass of the world's tropical forests is composed of their bodies, surely they can control a computer, too.

 

• • •

 

Even scientists are prone to imagine that the organization of ant colonies gives them extra power. Consider the popular idea of the "super-colony" of the invasive Argentine ant. This species began to travel from Argentina in the early twentieth century, mostly with shipments of sugar. The Argentine ant is established and has wiped out the native ants everywhere with a climate similar to that of its native range: the California coastline, the Mediterranean coastline, some areas of South Africa, Australia, Hawai'i, and elsewhere.

 

In the early 1990s a group of scientists at the University of California, San Diego introduced the notion that Argentine ants form a super-colony, one enormous colony stretching throughout California. Scientists studying Argentine ants on the French Riviera and Italian coastlines took up the idea, which then made its way into some sensational "scientific" headlines: "Ant supercolony dominates Europe," BBC News declared in 2002. The BBC upped the ante in 2009: "Ant mega-colony takes over world."

 

The force of the idea of the super-colony came from the observation that Argentine ants from different nests rarely fight with each other. The super-colony evoked an image of huge numbers of small brown ants pouring into California from Latin America. The fact that the ants didn't fight with each other suggested that somehow they were all linked together, and that united they could defeat all the native ants in their path.

 

But the lack of fighting among Argentine ants does not reveal a collective purpose. Like all ants, the experience of an Argentine ant is largely olfactory and tactile; most of the 11,000 species of ants have very poor vision. An ant is coated with a layer of grease (cuticular hydrocarbons) that carry its colony's odor, and ants of some species react aggressively to the odor of a different colony. Argentine ants, like some other ant species, are not very sensitive to small differences in odor. However, scientists recently have discovered that, with sufficient differences, Argentine ants will fight after all. In a laboratory working to develop pesticides, a technician fed some Argentine ants a German cockroach. The result was both unintended and exciting: the cockroach's odor was incorporated into the ants that ate it, and they were attacked by other Argentine ants that had not eaten the cockroach. Argentine ants are notorious for coming into buildings and for feasting from outdoor garbage cans. When it comes to fighting among Argentine ants, what matters may be whether they have been sharing the remains of Big Macs, not their genetic origins.

 

In fact there is no functional super-colony of Argentine ants, no single giant colony stretching for miles, much less across the globe. Argentine ants have distinct colonies that reproduce independently and do not share resources. Like many other ant species, their colonies consist of many nests, linked to each other by trails of ants. Most of these multi-nest species are obscure, not worldwide invaders. My colleagues and I found that Argentine ant nests only 200 meters apart are genetically distinct, which means that ants from one colony don't mix with those of the colony next door. We also found that ants from one colony don't share food with ants from another. The metaphor of a super-colony expresses our recognition that unity generates power. But the spread and ecological impact of Argentine ants is not due to cohesion between colonies; it seems to have other causes—including their ability to compete with native ants for the use of the sugary excretions of scale insects (a type of insect that sucks the sap from plants).

 

• • •

 

Understanding how ant colonies actually function means that we have to abandon explanations based on central control. This takes us into difficult and unfamiliar terrain. We are deeply attached to the idea that any system of interacting agents must be organized through hierarchy. Our metaphors for describing the behavior of such systems are permeated with notions of a chain of command. For example, we explain what our bodies do by talking about genes as "blueprints," unvarying instructions passed from an architect to a builder. But we know that instructions from genes constantly change, as genes turn off and on in response to local interactions among cells.

 

Ant colonies, like genes, work without blueprints or programming. No ant understands what needs to be done or what its actions mean for the welfare of the colony. An ant colony has no teams of workers dedicated to fighting or foraging. Although it is still commonly believed that each ant is assigned a task for life, ant biologists now know that ants move from one task to another. How does an ant decide which task to do and when to do it? We all know that where there is a picnic, there will be ants. So what determines which ants go to the picnic, and how many show up?

 

A real ant colony is more like an office that communicates by meaningless text messaging.

 

Colonies are regulated by networks of interaction. Ants respond only to their immediate surroundings and to their interactions with the other ants nearby. What matters is the rhythm of interactions, not their meaning. Ants respond to the pattern and rate of their encounters with each other, as well as to the smells they perceive in the world, such as the picnic sandwiches.

 

Among harvester ants—the ants I know best—the important interactions are brief antennal contacts. An ant uses the rate at which it meets other ants to decide what to do. If you have ever watched ants closely, you have seen them touch antennae. When a harvester ant moves from tasks inside the nest to tasks outside, its odor changes, so an ant's hydrocarbons identify its current task as well as its colony. To test how brief antennal contact influences ant behavior, my colleague Michael Greene and I presented ants with little glass beads coated with the odor of ants who are performing a particular task. Some of the beads smelled like patrollers, the first ants to go out of the nest each morning and travel around the colony's foraging area. The safe return of the patrollers, at a rate of about ten ants per second, stimulates the first foragers to go out to search for food. When foragers meet beads bearing the hydrocarbons of patrollers, at the correct rate, they leave the nest. This experiment shows that an ant's rate of brief antennal contact influences what the ant does next.

 

And what an ant does next may not be much at all. Contrary to another of our beloved myths about ants, told by Aesop, Homer, and the writer of Proverbs 6:6, many ants don't work very hard. In a large harvester-ant colony, about a third of the ants at any time are hanging around doing nothing. As Mark Twain put it, this "will be a disappointment for the Sunday schools." Because colony behavior is regulated by a network of interactions, inactivity might have its uses. Idle ants may act as a buffer to dampen the interaction rate when it gets too high. My colleagues and I have found that ants will move around to adjust their interaction rate—either they seek each other out when there are few ants, or they avoid each other when crowded. Sometimes interactions create positive feedback, as when ants go out to forage in response to interactions with foragers bringing food back to the nest. But eventually this could lead ants to search for food when there is none left. The colony may need some inert ants, unlikely to be stimulated by interactions, to buffer the network.

 

• • •

 

The tension between what we really know about ants—that no ant directs the behavior of another—and the familiar metaphors for social organization, permeates not only our stories about ants, but also the scientific study of ants. These contradictions appear in biologist E. O. Wilson's novel Anthill (2010), which tells the story of an extended war involving three ant colonies. Wilson uses ants that are very different from Aesop's to draw a similar moral. In Anthill the ants are greedy, and their lack of foresight and unchecked consumption depletes their resources and causes them to perish.

 

Anthill blurs the lines between science and fiction. Wilson's scientific account of colony organization quickly becomes entangled in contradictions as he depicts ants as the passive and uncomprehending pawns of their mother, yet, at the same time, making decisions based on an almost-human intelligence and sophisticated understanding of their colony's history and what it means for their future. Many times the ants are described as programmed, propelled by an "instinct machine." At other times, the ants are said to have agency but are compelled to sacrifice for their mother, the "fountainhead" of the colony, and go obediently to their deaths. These little robots whose every move is dictated, sometimes by some internal program and sometimes in allegiance to the queen, are also, by contrast, savvy and purposeful enough to plan out their tasks in advance and engage in military strategy.

 

A real ant colony is not a society of scheming, self-sacrificing individuals. It is more like an office that communicates by meaningless text messaging in which each worker's task is determined by how many messages she just received. The colony has no central purpose. Each ant responds to the rate of her brief encounters with other ants and has no sense of the condition or the goals of the whole colony. Unlike the ants in Anthill, no ant really cares if the queen dies.

 

Ant colonies are not the only complex systems that function without central control. Brains, too, have no chain of command. They rely on interaction networks among neurons. It is an open scientific question whether the analogy between an ant colony and a brain is more than superficial, and, in Anthill, Wilson comes up against the questions we can't answer about either. He explains that ants are very intelligent because they can learn to run a maze, and that all this ant intelligence, added up, makes the colony smart. But later we hear that "the colony intelligence was distributed among its members, in the same way human intelligence is distributed among the gyri, lobes and nuclei of the human brain." The problem is that no one really knows how intelligence is distributed in the human brain, and the gyri, lobes, and nuclei of a brain can't learn to navigate a maze.

 

The outstanding scientific questions about ants and brains are the same ones we have about many other biological systems that function without hierarchy, such as the immune system, the communities of bacteria in our bodies, and the patterns we see in the diversity of tropical forests. For all of these systems, we still don't understand how the parts work together to produce the dynamics, the history, and the development of the whole system.

 

• • •

 

When we figure out how ants run their colonies, will we learn anything that will help us to run human society?

 

It is true that as people become more as we rely more on ant-like interaction networks such as text messaging and email, we can say that, in some ways, some humans are behaving more like ants. Consider the patterns in the network of your email correspondence, including all the people you sent email to last week, and all the people to whom they sent email, and so on. There are some hubs of repeated interactions and some links that went one way, once, and will never connect you and that source again. Such ant-like networks are now being used in telecommunications, robotics, and advertising. For example, the recommendations on an online store informing you that customers who bought x also bought y simply track the patterns of purchases rather than antennal contacts.

 

But though we humans can be in some ways ant-like, ants are not like us. It takes a work of fiction to give ants identity, feelings, and motives that we recognize as human. For ants, only the structure of the network matters. For us, the content is crucial. We care about what the emails say; the ants care only about how often they get them. As we move through the networks that shape our lives, we constantly produce a narrative about what is happening and why. We may be wrong about what we think is going on, but it is vitally important that we think we know.

 

Our stories about ants always have morals about how people ought to behave: soldiers should die for their country; we should conserve resources and plan for the future; a dutiful factory worker should cheerfully perform his or her appointed task. These morals come from stories about ants that are not true.

 

Real ants do not offer lessons in behavior. They do, however, provide insight about the dynamics of networks. Ants can show us how the rhythm of local interactions creates patterns in the behavior and development of large groups. There are no morals to be taken from the ants, but there is much to learn about systems without central control.



__._,_.___


[Disclaimer: ALOCHONA Management is not liable for information contained in this message. The author takes full responsibility.]
To unsubscribe/subscribe, send request to alochona-owner@egroups.com




Your email settings: Individual Email|Traditional
Change settings via the Web (Yahoo! ID required)
Change settings via email: Switch delivery to Daily Digest | Switch to Fully Featured
Visit Your Group | Yahoo! Groups Terms of Use | Unsubscribe

__,_._,___

[ALOCHONA] Diseases caused by air pollution kill 10,000 people a year in capital



Diseases caused by air pollution kill 10,000 people a year in capital


 
Over 10,000 people are killed in the capital per year because of diseases caused by air pollution from suspended particulate matters.A recent study on risk assessment of particulate matter and other causes of air pollution was conducted to find out the economic losses due to the adverse health effects of the pollution.(BSS)

Prof AK Azad and Prof S Jahan of Environmental Science Discipline of Khulna University and Prof J Sultana of Khulna University of Engineering and Technology conducted the study recently.

Among the pollutants, SPM, whose levels are 5 to 6 times higher than Bangladesh Standard in the heavily polluted areas in Dhaka, is the most harmful one. The SPM composed of fully dispersed liquids and solids, including soot, dust and organic and inorganic substances.

The study found that pollution is causing 74,000 cases of chronic bronchitis, about 70 million cases of restricted activity days, about 14,000 cases of respiratory hospital diseases, over 286,000 emergency room visits, about 2.8 million cases of asthma attacks and over 220 million respiratory symptom days each year in the capital alone.

The study observed that air pollution entails economic losses to 3-4 per cent of the country's national GDP. After evaluating economic impacts, the study estimated loses in billions of taka accumulated from the cost of death, chronic bronchitis and restrictive activity days.

It also estimated Taka one billion as cost for treatment of respiratory diseases, Taka five billion cost of asthma attacks and Taka six billion as cost of respiratory related diseases.

"Three pollutants - suspended particulate matter (SPM), Sulphur dioxide and air-borne lead-pose a significant air pollution problem, having major public health impacts," says the study.

Air pollution also reduces food production and timber harvests, because high levels of pollution impair photosynthesis. In Germany, for example, about 4.7 billion US dollar a year in agricultural production is lost to high levels of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, and ozone.

Automobile and industrial emissions, bad civic practices and poor government services are some of the major factors causing air pollution.

A World Bank report recently said air pollution kills 15,000 Bangladeshis each year. The report says the country could save between 200 million and 800 million US dollars a year - about 0.7 to 3.0 per cent of its gross national product - if air pollution in its four major cities was reduced.

http://www.thebangladeshtoday.com/leading%20news.htm


__._,_.___


[Disclaimer: ALOCHONA Management is not liable for information contained in this message. The author takes full responsibility.]
To unsubscribe/subscribe, send request to alochona-owner@egroups.com




Your email settings: Individual Email|Traditional
Change settings via the Web (Yahoo! ID required)
Change settings via email: Switch delivery to Daily Digest | Switch to Fully Featured
Visit Your Group | Yahoo! Groups Terms of Use | Unsubscribe

__,_._,___

[ALOCHONA] Worth a read: Guernica - The Missing in Pakistan



The Missing

by J. Malcolm Garcia, October 2010

Amina Janjua and the search for thousands of disappeared Pakistanis swept up in the U.S. and Pakistan's "War on Terror"—in 15 scenes.

GUERNICA MAGAZINE

http://www.guernicamag.com/features/2096/garcia_10_15_10/

 

J. Malcolm Garcia's writing has been anthologized in Best American Travel Writing and Best American Nonrequired Reading.

 

I

 

Amina kept all the flowers her husband Masood gave her over the years. She kept the first bottle of perfume, the first scarf. She believes he will be back as strongly as she believes in God. Tomorrow or the day after or next week or next month. She doesn't know when, but someday. She must believe this to stay motivated. If she is a fool, okay, let her be a fool.

 

For years she was unaware of the miseries of the world. She decorated their Rawalpindi home, painted pictures and wrote poetry. She never read newspapers. They met in 1977 when she stopped by a gallery he administered and inquired about hanging some of her paintings. He could organize things in an instant.

 

They married and had children. They loved to go hiking on weekends. They enjoyed impulsively packing up their son and daughter and driving into the countryside with no specific destination in mind. When it snowed in the mountains they would go skiing on a whim, leaving behind the congestion of city life with all its problems and politics. Masood was openly critical of corruption and of his government's ties with the War on Terror, but otherwise he was not a political person.

 

Nor was she—until he disappeared.

 

II

 

I sit across from lawyer Shaukat Aziz Siddiqui, who represents families of missing persons in his Rawalpindi office.

 

The power has shut off and he apologizes for being able to offer me only cold tea. Dust lingers from the ceiling as if contemplating its descent before finally falling in waves upon his desk. The mildewed books filling shelves on both sides of his office offer an odor suggesting sodden wisdom lost to moisture, neglect, and poverty.

 

Siddiqui tells me he does not know how many hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people suspected of ties to jihadi groups—"you know the ones, mullahs and their followers"—are being held in jails throughout Pakistan in unknown detention centers as a result of the 2001 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington and the subsequent alliance between the U.S. and the dictatorship of former President Pervez Musharraf. Suddenly, he says, everyone became a suspect. Despite promises of reform, the detentions have continued under the democratically elected government of President Asif Ali Zardari. Guilt or innocence is not the issue. To impose terror on suspected terrorists, to maintain a grip on power, ah, now that is a strategy, eh?

 

Siddiqui believes some of the missing have been given over to U.S. authorities in exchange for cash and are held in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, or Bagram Airbase in Afghanistan. But who knows? Perhaps they are elsewhere.

 

"You will not be jailed in America if you say you hate the United States," he says. "But I, as a Pakistani, cannot criticize the policies of America or my own government while in Pakistan for fear of becoming a missing person."

 

He pushes a stack of file folders toward me. I catch them as they nearly slide off the table. Each folder has a name. Each one tells a story. I pick one up, COMPLAINT OF AMINA MASOOD JANJUA, and begin reading.

 

III

 

On July 30, 2005, Amina and Masood ate breakfast around nine. Fried eggs and toast. The day was sunny, nice. Their children were asleep. The morning heat increased as time passed. They knew soon the streets would be dusty and clogged with traffic amid the pandemonium of the bazaars, and that the dust would cling to them.

 

Masood left the house to meet a friend, Faisal Faraz. Together they bought bus tickets to Peshawar, where they planned to spend the day with friends. They would return that night. Amina can still see him walking to the door, turning around one last time to smile at her as he said Goodbye, see you tonight. He and Faisal caught the bus, but the bus arrived in Peshawar without them.

 

Amina was not worried. She assumed Masood had been delayed. Maybe at a rest stop along the way. Their only phone was a cell phone, and he had taken it with him.

 

The first night passed. Then the second. Then the third. By the fourth day of his absence Amina felt her heart beating so hard it made her chest ache. She could not quiet her fear. After one week she could take it no longer.

 

Her father-in-law, a retired colonel in the Pakistani army who had been in the same commando training unit as Pervez Musharraf, spoke to then-president Musharraf about Masood. Yes, we'll find him, relax, Musharraf told him.

 

Days passed, and then weeks. No Masood.

 

Amina wrote letters to the Interior Ministry inquiring about Masood.

 

No response.

 

She checked with jails, hospitals.

 

No Masood.

 

Then mysterious men began standing outside the house. They had short haircuts. Black suits and ties. They would not speak to her.

 

Amina started receiving phone calls about the same time.

 

We know where your husband is, the callers said. Don't make a fuss. He's okay. He will come home. They did not give their names. No call number appeared on her new cell phone.

 

One year passed. She started demonstrating with four members of her family outside the parliament. They had never demonstrated before and did not know what to say, worried how the police might react if they said anything. They held placards and stood silently.

 

Mr. President, one placard read, please find my loving father. Another: Mr. President, please find my loving husband. Another: Where are the human rights of my son?

 

More days passed. The days turned into weeks, months, years. Still no Masood. Now forty-six, Amina alternates between fear, sadness, and puzzlement when she speaks of Masood's five-year absence, and can't imagine what she would have done had she known that so much time would pass without him. Maybe, she thinks, she would have killed herself. But now instead of despair, a weary, hardened resolve to find him compels her. They had been married sixteen years when he went missing. Twenty-one years now, when she includes the five years he has been gone. She tries not to think what another five years will be like without him.

 

IV

 

Mohammad Arshad lives in Kalawan village near Haripur, a town two hours north of Islamabad. Green farm fields unfold just beyond the open door and burros walk gingerly on stone paths, their backs burdened with firewood. His plain concrete home stands on a hill. A table, handful of chairs, and a bed for guests to sit on emphasize a sparse atmosphere, in keeping with Arshad's grief for his eighteen-year-old son Sheraz. When Arshad speaks of him, his face drains into his chest and he cries and can no longer speak.

 

On December 3, 2009, the police knocked on Arshad's door minutes before midnight. They overturned furniture and searched the rooms.

 

We arrested two guys and they say your son has a rifle, the police told him. Everyone has a gun, Arshad told the police. To protect livestock. The police ignored him and woke up Sheraz, a slight university student with a patchy beard. They took him by his arms and pushed him toward their car, tugged a hood over his head and shoved him inside. They left in a fury of stones spewed from beneath the tires and left Arshad alone in the doorway shouting after them for his son.

 

The next morning, Arshad walked to the Haripur police station. The police said they didn't have Sheraz, but that the Ministry of Defense and the Inter Services Intelligence agency, Pakistan's domestic CIA, were involved in his case. Arshad said he did not want trouble with the ISI. He simply wanted his son back. The police said nothing.

 

More than a month has passed. Arshad's wife often falls to the floor and weeps when she sees Sheraz's empty bed. The weeping chokes her, sometimes she vomits. Arshad helps her up and guides her into their room where she collapses on their bed, inconsolable. Then he stands by himself in the front doorway and stares at the fields and cries quietly.

 

Why Sheraz? he thinks. Sheraz had a friendly attitude with everyone. He smiled easily but shyly. He helped older people in the village with farm chores by digging furrows in their fields and taking a hoe to the hard rocky ground. He always invited people he met at the bazaar home for tea. He wanted to join the army for the opportunities an army career would present to a young man born in a humble village. He also liked the idea of wearing a crisp ironed uniform, the way he would look in it.

 

You know how boys are, Arshad says.

 

V

 

Gulam Farwo sits beside his nephew Arshad. Much taller and stockier than Arshad, and with a full black beard that reaches down to his chest, Gulam's own sorrow-filled eyes begin to tear.

 

Gulam's two younger brothers, Munir, twenty-six, and Mohammad, thirty, went missing the same day Sheraz was arrested. On that December morning, he saw them in the mosque praying. After their prayers, the two brothers returned to their homes and tended their wheat fields. Gulam drove into Haripur. Two hours later, he received a phone call from a neighbor. Two policemen and six men wearing black suits and ties took his brothers from their fields, and now they are gone.

 

Gulam called the police. They said they would be released in a few days. After three days, the police said, We don't know where they are. Some agencies are involved. ISI. We don't know. You have to wait.

 

Gulam asked what charges his brothers faced, what evidence resulted in their detention. But the police refused to answer. This was not police business, they told him.

 

Gulam is also searching for his twenty-eight-year-old nephew, Mulla Kari Sadiuk. He was in Arshad's house when Sheraz was arrested. Who are you? the police asked him. Sadiuk told them. Oh, we're looking for you, they said. And they took him.

 

Only days before, two men with military-style haircuts had asked about enrolling their children in Jamia Mosque Kalawain, where Sadiuk teaches. Gulam told him to hide. Those men are trouble, he warned. But Sadiuk ignored him.

 

VI

 

Amina spends her days in the office that Masood used as managing director of the College of Information Technology in Rawalpindi. Circles sag beneath her eyes. A purple-patterned scarf wrapped around her head frames her face. She adjusts a brown prayer shawl across a shoulder and uses it to wipe the screen of a computer monitor. Curled lists of missing people are tacked to the walls. Above her head hangs a photo of Masood. He would be forty-nine now. He smiles at the camera, head tilted to one side as if he is trying to figure something out. His thick, graying beard rings his face.

 

She uses his office to administer the Defence of Human Rights, a group she founded in 2006 on behalf of missing persons. She helps collect information on nearly one hundred cases that she then turns over to lawyers representing families of the missing. Each case needs as much detail as possible for a lawyer to take it. In some cases, the families have no clue what happened to their husband, father, son. In other cases, eyewitnesses have submitted letters saying they saw so and so taken by the police or by men in civilian dress with short cropped military-style haircuts. She speaks so softly that many of the families she tries to help must lean forward to hear.

 

If my son is alive, I want him here, and if he is dead, I want to know about his death, a woman dressed entirely in black tells Amina. Her son has been missing for a year. Amina holds her hand.

 

We won't complain to anyone if he's dead, the woman says. We just want someone to tell us.

 

Do you have any clues? Did anyone see anything? Amina asks her.

 

No. He was just gone. Nothing was disturbed in his room.

 

Tell me what you know.

 

I want my son to be with me, the woman says.

 

VII

 

Amina never asked Shakil Ahmad Turabi to get involved in her struggle. He chose to, and now his son Hassan is missing.

 

An editor at the South Asian News Agency, Shakil stares into space while recalling the night of May 18, 2007 when a car cut him off as he drove home. Two men dragged him out and pushed him into the backseat of their car and shoved him to the floor. His face pressed against their shoes, while his kidnappers drove to a house and put him in a small, dark, dirty room. They removed everything from his pockets and turned off the light. About half an hour later, a young man with a major's bars on his jacket told Shakil to introduce himself.

 

Your duty is to introduce yourself to me before you question me, Shakil said, trying to assert himself beyond his fears.

 

You don't know who we are.

 

No.

 

The major complained that the South Asian News Agency had republished a New York Times story about who would take over the government should Musharraf resign. The story claimed that the mood of the populace seemed solidly against both him and the army.

 

Why publish a story critical of the army?

 

How was that critical? Shakil said.

 

Do you know the number of missing people?

 

No.

 

Do you want your name on that list?

 

No.

 

Who would look after your three kids?

 

Allah. Don't worry about my children.

 

Don't teach me philosophy. And don't publish bad news.

 

The major left and turned off the lights. One hour later, they gave Shakil his things. He had messages from his daughter Fatima on his cell.

 

Who is Fatima? the major asked.

 

Don't be rude. My daughter.

 

Tell her you will be home in one hour.

 

After seven hours, he was released.

 

Six months later, on September 14th, two men assaulted Hassan, then fourteen, after he was dropped off at school. The school called Shakil and said Hassan was ill. He called his driver to go pick him up. But then the school administrator called him again. You must come, he said. Your son is in the hospital.

 

Hassan's legs were black and blue and his face was bruised. His two assailants had told him, We tried to teach a lesson to your dad, but he did not mend his ways. Hopefully after this he will mend his ways.

 

After the assault on Hassan, Shakil was careful about what subjects he chose to write about. He was less critical of the government. For a time, his family experienced no more problems.

 

But then he met Amina at a demonstration for missing persons. Her struggle was a good story for his news agency and he admired her tenacity. He told her his story and she listened to him as if she had no problems of her own. Moved, Shakil demonstrated with her when she camped outside parliament. Days later, he started receiving anonymous phone calls. Why are you so active?

 

He thinks about that question now, the implied threat in the voice on the other end. He thought at the time he must be very careful or he might be kidnapped again. He worried they might beat up Hassan again, but he never expected them to take him.

 

On January 5, 2010, Shakil's driver dropped off Hassan, now eighteen, at Islamabad College for Boys. He never came home. A teenager likes to stay out, Shakil reasoned. But by evening, he was concerned and started looking for him. Desperate after five days of fruitless searching, Shakil met with the inspector general of police.

 

You can get your son on Monday the 11th at two, the inspector general said. Shakil returned on Monday. The inspector general did not meet him until three thirty that afternoon. The army men who know about your son are not here, he told Shakil. Come Tuesday. On Tuesday the inspector general did not show up for the appointment. He never came to his office and did not answer his cell phone. On Wednesday, he came to Shakil's house.

 

The army told me it's not your son, he said.

 

Other families of missing persons have told Shakil the authorities gave them equally mixed messages. With us, not with us. Nothing.

 

But how can he stop looking, Shakil asks them. You can't. You won't, they tell him.

 

Shakil takes pills at night but can't sleep. He tries to explain to friends how he feels, but he just breaks down, covering his face in his hands, feeling himself crumbling apart. His wife tosses and turns in bed, shouting out Hassan's name and asking, Where are you? Their twelve-year-old daughter said, Father, give me a bomb. I want to blow myself up in front of the agency that took you and my brother.

 

It is natural to want to retaliate, he thinks, but no one can do anything in Pakistan. There is no rule of law. He avoids any criticism of the government when he writes a news story, even if that leaves the story unbalanced and incomplete. He lives every day hating the indignity of his compromises. But, he's decided, he won't lose his son to his words.

 

VIII

 

In 2007, according to court documents, new evidence regarding missing persons was provided to the deputy attorney general of Pakistan from a lawyer representing physician Imran Munir, a former detainee who had been charged with espionage. In a handwritten ten-page statement in English to the court, Munir wrote that he was held in solitary confinement in Chaklala, a Rawalpindi prison. One excerpt reads, verbatim:

 

[The guards] didn't let me sleep every day except 3 hours a day and let me stand almost 15 hours a day in chains on my hands and both feet. They started giving me tremendous amounts of extra red chilies in my food every day and due to that I got external hemorrhoids and fresh blood started coming out through my stools and also got stomach ulcers. They didn't let me shower and didn't let me change my dress and therefore I got scabies.

 

The guards who were guarding the 12 solitary confinement cells told me that there is only one way to get out from the hands of ISI is to co-operate with them and give them the statement the way they want, otherwise they will not release me and they might hand me over to the USA custody in Guantanimo Bay or they might torture me further and they might kill me but will never release me. First I didn't believe them, but when they let me speak to the other three inmates that were opposite to my cell and when I heard their stories that how they were apprehended by ISI and they were never charged and never taken to any court, than I believed them and realized that it is the only way to get out from the ISI custody to cooperate with them. Out of those three inmates there was a business man Masood Janjua of Rawalpindi.

 

IX

 

Two staff members at Defence of Human Rights gave their resignation notices to Amina effective immediately. And the other woman is ready to leave. Maybe Amina has given her staff too much work. She herself works day and night. She knows not everyone is so dedicated. The women work from ten to four. Amina does not consider that too much.

 

She sits down, presses a hand against her stomach. She suffers from diarrhea, ulcers. She keeps to a bland diet, but still her stomach churns. She talks to keep her mind off her pain, recalling the spring of 2007 when Musharraf had removed fifty-five of the Supreme Court's ninety-five judges, including Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, citing interference with counterterrorism efforts. Mass protests followed, and Musharraf declared a state of emergency on November 3, 2007. As a result, hearings for four hundred and eighty-five missing persons scheduled before the end of the year were delayed.

 

When the decree was lifted in March 2009, Amina spoke to the registrar of the Supreme Court. When will there be hearings on the missing? she demanded. There are no hearings on the missing scheduled, he said. She was heartbroken. I am not going home, she declared. I will stay here until you take our case. The registrar shrugged and said nothing. She had no idea how her children would manage without her. She went to the cafeteria and ate enough food for two people because she did not know how many days she would be gone from her home.

 

Amina arranged a blue tent on the damp ground outside the parliament building under overcast skies. Police watched her. She erected a placard outside her tent that said Release the missing. A photograph of Masood was all she had inside the tent. Families of the missing began joining her. Within days, forty people were camped outside parliament.

 

The authorities tried to intimidate her. Men in dark suits told Amina that the people supporting her would be involved in car accidents. Their vehicles would be confiscated and they would be sent to jail. Tell them to pack up and go home, they advised her. Instead, Amina told supporters to take taxis. Don't drive your car, she begged them.

 

She talked to her family by phone and cried afterward. Her children fought with each other, her in-laws, and the son of a brother-in-law—all of whom were staying in her house. Her daughter scolded her, You don't come home. You don't care about your kids. What's the point? The government won't listen to you.

 

On November 13, 2009, twelve days after Amina pitched her tent, two men stood outside it and told her the registrar wanted to see her. She had been taking a nap and did not want to talk to them. Half-asleep, she followed them into the Supreme Court beneath cavernous ceilings that made her feel small and vulnerable.

 

The court had agreed to hear the missing cases, the registrar told her as he shuffled papers on his desk. Really? she asked. Are you sure? Yes, the registrar said, continuing to sort papers. You are a big security risk. You have too many people with you. The Chief Justice told the attorney general to remove the problem.

 

The first hearing was held November 16, 2009. Since then, five other hearings have been held. The court asks the government to respond to allegations that the ISI and the Ministry of Defense have taken people. The government responds by asking for more time. Soon, Amina will attend yet another hearing. And another and another. Into spring and then summer. Another hearing.

 

X

 

It's one in the morning on Saturday, January 26, 2010. Three men arrive at the Haripur Police Station minutes apart. The first man, Sheraz, the son of Mohammad Arshad of Kalawan, steps out of a van. He wears the same white shameze he wore when he was arrested. A blindfold is removed from his face.

 

He starts walking.

 

He was held fifty-one days in a crowded cell. What is the case they have on you? he and his cellmates would ask one another. Why are you here? Why are they keeping us? None of them knew and no explanations were offered.

 

A bare light bulb in their cell was on all the time. Sheraz slept on the floor with a blanket and awoke every morning at four. Interrogators asked him what he did for a living and what was his relation with the Mullah Kari Sadiuk, the family member arrested with him.

 

He's a relative, Sheraz said. I'm a student. I have no job. He was asked the same questions day after day. His interrogators told him they were from the intelligence bureau. They talked to him for fifteen minutes at a time. He asked to contact family. No, they told him. Not now. You will be released soon.

 

Now he passes silent vendor stalls, hears the cries of dogs, wind in the trees, sees dark shapes in plowed fields beneath hundreds of stars overhead. He looks behind him, sees no one. Still he worries. They said they would check on him.

 

XI

 

Mullah Kari Sadiuk walks not far behind Sheraz. The man who had been interrogating Sadiuk told him only hours ago that he knew he was innocent. A short time later, he was escorted to a van. No other detainees rode with him to the Haripur Police Station.

 

The police called him a terrorist and accused him of being involved in terrorist acts when they arrested him. They put a hood over his head and punched him in the face and kicked him, shouting, Oh, you terrorist fuck. He had no idea why he was suspected of anything. He had a beard, wore a turban. He was a mullah, taught the Koran. He assumes he was faulted for that.

 

They drove for a long time before the van reached the detention center. He was held alone in a concrete cell. He heard other prisoners praying and reading from the Koran. All of them mullahs. Without any evidence, why do they keep us, they shouted to one another through the space between the bottom of their cell doors and the floor.

 

His interrogators would put a hood over his face and ask him, Where is your home, where did you come from, where were you educated? Which schools did you attend? Do you know about so and so?

 

He said he worked for a mosque.

 

Who trained you? What organizations are they with?

 

They asked him the same questions two days in a row. On the third day, he was moved to another cell. He was never interrogated again.

 

In the silence of the night, he wonders if they are still watching him.

 

XII

 

Mohammad Hafiz, the missing younger brother of Gulam Farwo, stands in front of the Haripur Police Station unsure whether he should go inside or not. His thin, bearded face and sharp nose catch the moonlight and throw a slim shadow against the wall. He decides against going inside and starts walking toward his village. He does not know that Sheraz and Sadiuk have been released and that his brother, Munir, has not.

 

How many brothers do you have, an interrogator demanded of Mohammad. What is your name? What is your job? What does your brother do?

 

On the thirty-sixth day, one of his interrogators told him that he knew Mohammad was innocent by the expression on his face. Then this morning, fifteen days later, he was released and driven to Haripur.

 

When he reaches his village, after he makes his way on the narrow stone paths leading to his home, after the hugs and tears and celebration, he will learn that his five-month-old daughter died during his detention. Standing over her grave, he will conclude that innocent people can do nothing to protect themselves. They only burn inside. He will decide that Pakistan is now his enemy.

 

XIII

 

Stacks of law books line the bland concrete walls of Courtroom A in Pakistan's Supreme Court building. Mildew spreads across the ceiling and vast cobwebs consume cracked corners. The worn brown carpet bunches in waves across the floor rolling toward a security guard asleep in his chair beneath a painting of a stern Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

 

Three Supreme Court justices ask Amina and a lawyer for the Ministry of Defense to approach. Amina carries a plastic bag stuffed with testimonials of families of missing persons. She sets it down, letting the bag sag against her right leg, and then she straightens up and stands immobile, a diminutive figure looking up at the justices. The Ministry of Defense lawyer walks from the other side of the courtroom and stands beside her.

 

"I have written letters to the Ministry of Defense and they have never responded," Amina tells the court. "I don't want to dishonor any institution. If they want any guarantee I will not say a word if my husband is released. If that is the hurdle. I am ready for any compromise. I don't know whether what I am doing is right or wrong. I am only struggling for my husband."

 

"What material does the Ministry of Defense have about the missing," a justice asks.

 

"There is no material, your honor. The Minister of Defense is like a post office. He passes information on to other agencies. He does not consider it."

 

"Are we playing a Ping-Pong game?" another justice asks. "I am looking at a one-page report from the minister about the missing and how he has passed information on as you say. But it is obvious a low-level clerk drafted this report and that the Minister of Defense signed it without knowing what he was signing. Consider the spelling errors. You know it is not an effective report. We need a whole report. Not a page with errors."

 

"The ministry is cooperating," the lawyer says.

 

"The report is vague and one-sided. The evidence should have been examined. The report does not serve any purpose other than as a spelling lesson. The Minister of Defense, the Minister of Interior, ISI… all should be here with documents."

 

"We have many missing cases," the first justice says. "Who is responsible for this? Who investigates these cases?"

 

The third justice, who has yet to speak, crosses his arms and closes his eyes, and soon falls asleep.

 

"We want answers straight away," the second justice says. He looks at Amina and then back at the lawyer. "Do you feel for her? Or have you become desensitized like a surgeon? Return with a credible report in two weeks. Not one written at a desk by some clerk. This is not just about madam. We are talking about thousands of people."

 

XIV

 

Outside the Supreme Court, seventy-five-year-old Abdul Ghaafar rides a rusting bicycle with a large poster of his missing son Abdul strapped behind him. The photograph shows a young man with a thick mustache staring intently into the camera without expression.

 

Ghaafar has also arranged a large piece of cardboard between the handlebars on which he has written: My son is innocent. I am trying to find him. But I can't. I am a poor person. I need due justice from the government of Pakistan. My son did not take any steps against the government. Please release my son. This is my request to the government of Pakistan.

 

Ghaafar stops as many people as he can. He tells them, I'm looking for my son. He drove a truck between Peshawar and Mardan. Have you seen him?

 

The last day Ghaafar saw him was a warm, hazy morning. Abdul drank tea and ate fried eggs and nan for breakfast with his wife and three children amid the noise of vendors setting up their booths on the teeming streets outside. He shaved, put on clean clothes. He told his wife, Have a good day. I'm going to get my truck.

 

He never returned. He has been missing almost nine years. If he is alive, he is thirty-four.

 

In 2005, the police gave Ghaafar a photograph of a man killed in Kashmir. Blood ran down his forehead and across his nose. This is your son, they said. No it is not, Ghaafar said. Yes he is, the police insisted. Show me his DNA, Ghaafar said. The police refused.

 

The people gathering around Ghaafar near the Supreme Court feel his profound sorrow. They consider Abdul's picture and then stare at the old man before them with his heavy white beard and his sweat-stained black shameze and shake their heads. They do not recognize his son. Ghaafar gives them blue flyers to distribute. Kidnapped driver not recovered yet. I am a poor man. I demand the release of my son. Police should do everything to get his release.

 

He rides away, the bike shifting to the left and right beneath him, his legs pushing down on the pedals. The people he has just spoken to wave their hands and shake the fliers in the dust-filled air and promise to pray for him.

 

XV

 

Ghaafar diminishes in the distance as Amina walks out of the Supreme Court, a smile on her face. The court rejected the report signed by the Minister of Defense. The court means business. It was like the justices asked about flowers and the Minister's lawyer answered with talk about water. No related answers. The Ministry provided no evidence to contradict the claim that it knows about Masood.

 

If the Ministry of Defense lawyer continues to stall, Amina will demand that the court call for the defense minister himself and members of the ISI and ask them for all the names of missing persons.

 

She can always camp outside the Ministry of Defense. She can resort to that if she must. Sometimes she imagines Masood in a cell. How it looks. Dark, cold. How he feels. Lonely, grieving. Once she was stuck in a cramped bathroom. The door jammed and would not open. She laughs about it now but at the time she panicked and felt claustrophobic and had trouble breathing.

 

What must it be like for him?

 

Amina misses Masood most at night. Sometimes alone in their bedroom she weeps with only the shadows cast by a flickering candle to comfort her; she has no spirit left and doesn't feel like doing anything. She doesn't want to talk to her children, work in her office, attend Supreme Court hearings—nothing, until the moment passes and she gathers her resolve about her once more. In five years, she has accomplished much in her search for Masood. But she regards it as nothing compared to what he gave her.

 

Gives her, she corrects herself. Gives her.

 

Postscript: Both ISI and the Interior Ministry declined to comment on this article.



__._,_.___


[Disclaimer: ALOCHONA Management is not liable for information contained in this message. The author takes full responsibility.]
To unsubscribe/subscribe, send request to alochona-owner@egroups.com




Your email settings: Individual Email|Traditional
Change settings via the Web (Yahoo! ID required)
Change settings via email: Switch delivery to Daily Digest | Switch to Fully Featured
Visit Your Group | Yahoo! Groups Terms of Use | Unsubscribe

__,_._,___